Please read this before using presentation

1. Please read this before using presentation • This presentation is based on content presented at the 2007 Mines Safety Roadshow held in October 2007 • It is made available for non-commercial use (eg toolbox meetings) subject to the condition that the PowerPoint file is not altered without permission from Resources Safety • Supporting resources, such as brochures and posters, are available from Resources Safety • For resources, information or clarification, please contact: ResourcesSafety@docep.wa.gov.au or visit www.docep.wa.gov.au/ResourcesSafety

2. Toolbox presentation: Ventilation issues in mining — diesel exhaust emissions October 2007

3. Legislation • Mines Safety and Inspection Act 1994 — Section 9 • Mines Safety and Inspection Regulations 1995 — Part 9 Ventilation and control of dust and atmospheric contaminants • Mines Safety and Inspection Regulations 1995 — Part 10 Division 4 Specific requirements for underground mines – diesel units

4. What are diesel particulates? • An exhaust emission from diesel engines • Formed during the combustion process within engines • Have elemental carbon (EC) and organic carbon (OC) components • Contain other components • Elemental carbon is the analyte – i.e. it’s what we measure to assess exposure

5. What are diesel particulates? cont. “It is of particular importance that the fuel entering at the mouth should be thoroughly consumed and without the formation of soot.” Rudolf Diesel. From US Patent Number 00608845 dated 9 August 1898

6. What are diesel particulates? cont. • Particles are rapidly formed in exhaust • Comprise spherules (nm) • Agglomerations (µm) • High surface areas! Source: AIOH Guideline – A Rogers

7. Airborne particle size distribution in a diesel-equipped mine Source: Airmet Scientific

8. Particle size Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Respiratory_system

9. Health effects of diesel particulates • NIOSH 1988 • IARC 1989 – probable carcinogen (International Agency for Research on Cancer) • Diesel particulates are a vector for polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH) and other organics • Short-term respiratory irritation • Health effects of diesel particulates are recognised as a significant public health issue especially as more road vehicles are powered by diesel

10. Emission control — road fleet Western Australia • Department of Environment and Conservation – Cleanrun Program Federal (DOTARS) • DT80 testing – fuel tax credits for road vehicles

11. Control methods • Fuels • Engine design and maintenance • Emission control devices • Ventilation • Measuremement • Exhaust emissions • Employee exposure

12. Fuels • Fuel quality • Low / ultra low sulphur • Biodiesels • Additives / conditioners • Storage Source: http://www.dieselcraft.com/Fuel%20Web%20page_2.jpg

13. Maintenance • Adequate maintenance is essential to limiting diesel particulate emissions • Scheduling of maintenance • Placing vehicles out of service

14. Emission control • Catalytic converters • Advanced catalytic converters • Particulate filters • Diesel oxidation catalysts • Catalysed diesel particulate filters • Temperature • Insulation of exhaust systems • Traffic management

15. Diesel particulate filter Source: http://www.bloomberg.com/apps/data?pid=avimage&iid=ivfhybAdhM0c Source: http://www.meca.org/galleries/default-image/diesel_particulate_filter.gif

16. Monitoring — emissions • How often? • What is the method being used – “according to manufacturer’s instructions”? • Measure smoke / particulate emissions? • Smoke meters • Opacity meters • Integrated emission monitors • Diesel Detective • What emission levels are used?

17. Monitoring — personal exposure • Ventilation Officer • What monitoring is being done? • What methods are being used? • What are the results? • What action is being taken?

18. Diesel particulate exposure • Underground mines • MERIWA Report 195 (1996) • MSHA Data • DOCEP – Resources Safety - CONTAM 05/06 quota • Other exposures • Vehicle maintenance workshops • Small diesels used in enclosed areas • Diesel-powered machinery handling materials in closed sheds • Load-out tunnels • Public exposures

19. Contaminant monitoring — CONTAM • Diesel particulate (measured as elemental carbon) added as a contaminant • Contaminant code DP • Sampling equipment code DM • Most underground mines had diesel particulates included in CONTAM quotas • Diesel particulates will be included in other CONTAM quotas where relevant

20. NIOSH analytical method

21. DPM sampling – SKC DP Cassette Source: SKC Inc

22. Future developments • Other sampling techniques • Personal exposure monitoring • Exhaust monitoring • Diesel Detective exhaust monitor • Auditing of fleet maintenance, emission control and testing • DPM included in surface operation CONTAM quotas where potential exposures exist • Research - MERIWA

23. Further information • MineSafe magazine articles • A Guideline for the Evaluation and Control of Diesel Particulate in the Occupational Environment AIOH – Davies and Rogers www.aioh.org.au (guideline is under Links and Resources / publications) • MDG 29 Draft Guideline for the Management of Diesel Engine Pollutants in Underground Environments (24 January 2007) NSW - DPI www.dpi.nsw.gov.au/minerals/safety/publications/mdg

24. NIOSH: US National Institute of Occupational Safety and Health — Diesel emissions and measurement control in mining page www.cdc.gov/niosh/mining/topics/topicpage2.htm DieselNet: online information service on clean diesel engines and diesel emissions www.dieselnet.com DEEP – Diesel Emissions Evaluation Program www.deep.org US Mines Safety and Health Administration diesel page www.msha.gov/01-995/dieselpart.HTM Further information cont.