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Cellular respiration

Cellular respiration. The process by which cells harvest the energy stored in food. SAVING FOR A Rainy Day. Feel the Burn. How do living organisms fuel their actions? Cellular respiration: the big picture. ATP. Adenine. Ribose. 3 Phosphate groups. ATP. ATP. Energy. Energy.

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Cellular respiration

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  1. Cellular respiration The process by which cells harvest the energy stored in food

  2. SAVING FOR A Rainy Day

  3. Feel the Burn

  4. How do living organisms fuel their actions? Cellular respiration: the big picture

  5. ATP Adenine Ribose 3 Phosphate groups

  6. ATP ATP Energy Energy Adenosine diphosphate (ADP) + Phosphate Adenosine triphosphate (ATP) Partially charged battery Fully charged battery

  7. Chemical Pathways Section 9-1 Glucose Krebs cycle Electrontransport Glycolysis Alcohol or lactic acid Fermentation (without oxygen)

  8. Cellular Respiration: The Big Picture • C6H12O6 + 6O2 6CO2 + 6H2O + Energy (ATP) • Glucose + Oxygen  Carbon dioxide + Water + Energy (ATP)

  9. Cellular Respiration: The big picture

  10. Cellular Respiration: The Big Picture Section 9-1 Mitochondrion Electrons carried in NADH Electrons carried in NADH and FADH2 Pyruvic acid Glucose Electron Transport Chain Krebs Cycle Glycolysis Mitochondrion Cytoplasm

  11. Three-Step Process Biggest ATP “payoff” (90%) occurs during the electron transport chain.

  12. Cellular Respiration Section 9-2 Glucose(C6H1206) + Oxygen(02) Glycolysis KrebsCycle ElectronTransportChain Carbon Dioxide (CO2) + Water (H2O)

  13. Cellular Respiration • Requires (1) fuel and (2) oxygen.

  14. Cellular Respiration

  15. In Humans… • our cells can extract some of the energy stored in the bonds of the food molecules • Energy • Bonds • Molecules

  16. Aerobic Respiration – the video

  17. Glycolysis is the universal energy-releasing pathway • splitting (lysis) of sugar (glyco) • all organisms on the planet • single-celled organisms - provide all of the energy they need

  18. Glycolysis is the universal energy-releasing pathway

  19. Glycolysis • Three of the ten steps yield energy • High-energy electrons are transferred to NADH • Net result: • pyruvate • ATP molecules • NADH molecules

  20. Glycolysis • Glucose (6C) is broken down into 2 PGAL (Phosphoglyceraldehyde – 3 Carbon molecules) • Cost: 2 ATP

  21. Glycolysis • 2 PGAL (3C) are converted to 2 pyruvates • Result: 4 ATP, 2 NADH • net ATP production = 2 ATP

  22. How Glycolysis Works • Animation • Animation

  23. Glycolysis: The Movie

  24. The Fate of Pyruvate • Yeast: pyruvic acid is decarboxylated and reduced by NADH to form a molecule of carbon dioxide and one of ethanol • accounts for the bubbles and alcohol in, for examples, beer and champagne (alcoholic fermentation) • process is energetically wasteful because so much of the free energy of glucose (~95%) remains in the alcohol (a good fuel!) • Red blood cells and active muscles: pyruvic acid is reduced by NADH forming a molecule of lactic acid (lactic acid fermentation) • process is energetically wasteful because so much free energy remains in the lactic acid molecule • Mitochondria: pyruvic acid is oxidized completely to form CO2 & H2O (cellular respiration) • ~ 40% of energy in original glucose molecule is trapped in molecules of ATP

  25. Glycolysis is very inefficient Pyruvate can be further metabolized to yield more energy

  26. The mitochondrion

  27. The Preparatory Phase to the Krebs Cycle

  28. The Conversion of Pyruvate to Acetyl Co-A for Entry Into the Krebs Cycle • glycolysis (cytoplasm), pyruvic acid  interior of mitochondrion

  29. The Conversion of Pyruvate to Acetyl Co-A for Entry Into the Kreb's Cycle • 2 NADH are generated • 2 CO2 are released

  30. The Krebs Cycle extracts energy from sugar

  31. The Kreb’s Cycle extracts energy from sugar • 6 NADH • 2 FADH2 • 2 ATP • 4 CO2 (to atmosphere)

  32. The Krebs Cycle extracts energy from sugar

  33. The Kreb’s Cycle extracts energy from sugar • Animation

  34. Krebs: The Movie

  35. Krebs: The Movie (Part 2)

  36. the electron transport chain • 2 key features of mitochondria

  37. the electron transport chain • 2 mitochondrial spaces  higher concentrations of molecules in one area or the other

  38. The “bag-within-a-bag”

  39. Follow the Electrons, as We Did in Photosynthesis #2) This proton concentration gradient represents a significant source of potential energy!

  40. Proton Gradients and Potential Energy

  41. Electron Transport: The Movie

  42. Electron Transport: The Movie (Part 2)

  43. Review of Cellular Respiration • Review Animation

  44. Energy is obtained from a molecule of glucose in a stepwise fashion.

  45. Plants have both chloroplasts and mitochondria.

  46. Alternative Pathways to Energy • Rapid, strenuous exertion •  O2 deficiency

  47. Alternative Pathways to Energy • NAD+ /FAD+ halted • back-up method for breaking down sugar • lactic acid

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