Arms Control & Disarmament

1. Arms Control & Disarmament

2. AC & D two different concepts: AC refers to curbs on acquiring new Weapons – or reduction in some existing weapon types Disarmament refers to quantitative reduction in total number of existing Weapons – i.e. elimination of specific armaments or G&CD

3. UN Charter itself undermines G&CD • System of Collective Security; Mly Staff Comm etc as well as legitimisation of Collective Defence • War not made illegal in system.

4. AC seems to have two purposes: One: For developed states AC has evolved primarily in terms of economic efficiency and cost effectiveness Two: For developing states AC has been Imposed as a means of technology control rather than a means to reduce overall level of arms

5. Nowhere is this more prevalent than in the nuclear weapons field. Nuclear weapons issue area also has recognised a duality that has to be considered: nuclear weapons vs peaceful uses of nuclear energy. From Baruch Plan to creation of IAEA to NPT, this duality recognised.

6. Irish Resolution and the Non Proliferation Treaty • The creation of distinction between horizontal and vertical proliferation Can identify 2 tracks relating to Nuclear AC One: US-centric discriminatory approach premised on distinction between horizontal & vertical non proliferation

7. Two: A universal, non-discriminatory approach towards non proliferation which seeks to slow down proliferation at the global level. • Major instrumentalities of the US-centric discriminatory approach: • Partial Test Ban Treaty (PTBT) 1963 • NPT

8. The Supplier Cartels • London Suppliers’ Club to Nuclear Suppliers’ Group - NSG • Missile Technology Control Regime – MTCR • Australia Group • The Wassenaar Arrangement

9. Major Instrumentalities of universal non-discriminatory approach • Nuclear Weapon Free Zones: • Tlatelolco Treaty; Rarotonga Treaty; Bangkok Treaty; Pelindaba Treaty • Committee on Assurances of Supply • Comprehensive Test Ban Treaty - CTBT

10. The Fissile Material issue: FMT vs FMCT • Shift in Non proliferation focus post-9/11 • From non proliferation per se to nuclear programmes fo specific countries. • Indo-US nuclear deal 2005 - the 123 Agreement passed by US Congress

11. India’s Nuclear Doctrine • Premised on a triad of forces • Second strike capability • Development of ICBMs • Development of space-based • systems • Missile Defence acquisition • Retraction of NFU

12. What it means- In military terms: - Expansive reach across Asia - Naval reach threatens entire Indian Ocean region - Missile Defence will start nuclear & missile race in region - No commitment to reduce conventional forces

13. In political terms: • Indian nuclear intent • Push for “great power” status • Negates measures for nuclear restraint in Pak-India Feb 1999 nuclear MOU • Makes it difficult for Pakistan to sustain nuclear restraint

14. Pakistan & AC&D • FMT not FMCT • CTBT – Supported in principle Other initiatives: Pre-1998 NWFZ; mutual renunciation of nuclear capability; the 5, 5+2, 5+2+2 proposals; Zero-Missile regime

15. Pakistan ratified the International Convention on Nuclear Safety in Sept. 1997

16. Post-May 1998 • Unilateral moratorium on testing & offer of regional test ban treaty to India • Nuclear restraint regime as well as nuclear risk reduction & proposal for non-induction of ABM & SLBM systems

17. Ensuring non-proliferation norms post-nuclearisation • Pakistan created its Nuclear Regulatory Authority for civilian nuclear matters in 2001 • In September 2004, Pakistan’s Parliament passed a bill on tightening controls on nuclear materials, equipment and technology as well as biological weapons by imposing a ban on their unauthorised transfer outside Pakistan.

18. NATIONAL COMMAND AUTHORITY (NCA) Chairman: Prime Minister Secretariat SPD Development Control Committee Employment Control Committee Deputy Chairman - CJCSC • Deputy Chairman - Foreign Minister • Members • Minister for Defence • Minister for Interior • Minister for Finance • Chairman JCSC • Services Chiefs • Secretary, Director General • Strategic Plans Division • By Invitation. Others as required • Members • Services Chiefs • Heads of concerned strategic organizations i.e Scientists • Secretary, Director General • Strategic Plans Division • Services Strategic Forces • (Operational Control - NCA) Army Navy Air Force (Technical, Training, & Administrative Control)

19. Future Course • Has to be through mutual agreement & recognition of a move away from a zero sum situation • Establishment of a strategic stability • regime • Nuclear risk reduction • Balance in terms of missile • deployments & numbers • Conventional force reductions