1 / 26

CHAPTER 22-2

CHAPTER 22-2. NATION STATES AND PATTERNS OF CULTURE IN EUROPE AND NORTH AMERICA, 1750–1871. Ethnic nationalism drew on Enlightenment ideas, which recognized a national identity and the right for that nation to exist.

tacy
Download Presentation

CHAPTER 22-2

An Image/Link below is provided (as is) to download presentation Download Policy: Content on the Website is provided to you AS IS for your information and personal use and may not be sold / licensed / shared on other websites without getting consent from its author. Content is provided to you AS IS for your information and personal use only. Download presentation by click this link. While downloading, if for some reason you are not able to download a presentation, the publisher may have deleted the file from their server. During download, if you can't get a presentation, the file might be deleted by the publisher.

E N D

Presentation Transcript

  1. CHAPTER 22-2 NATION STATES AND PATTERNS OF CULTURE IN EUROPE AND NORTH AMERICA, 1750–1871

  2. Ethnic nationalism drew on Enlightenment ideas, which recognized a national identity and the right for that nation to exist. • Constitutional nationalists advocated for a uniform language and ethnicity.

  3. Many European nations were linguistically and ethnically diverse. • Herder, a German philosopher, focused on language as the core of nationalism. • Envisioned an ethnolinguistic nationalism that did not exclude low culture or repudiate other ethnolinguistic cultures. • Following Napoleon, Herder’s followers hoped for a unified German nation.

  4. The Growth of the Nation-State, 1815–1871 • Congress of Vienna met in 1815, after defeat of Napoleon, to restore monarchies. • Metternich of Austria was determined to stop republicanism. • Congress had two principles: • legitimacy of monarchical rule • balance of power between European states. • Members agreed to meet as the Concert of Europe at regular intervals. • Difficulty of what to do about German-speaking states. • Confederation of German States created. • Prussia and Austria competed for dominance in the Confederation.

  5. French Bourbon monarchy restored with Louis XVIII, brother of Louis XVI. • He and successor Charles X tried to restore absolutism and aristocracy. • Provoked a republican reaction that replaced Charles with Louis-Philippe. • Paris Revolution in 1848 forced Louis-Philippe into exile. • Louis-Napoleon Bonaparte elected ruler.

  6. Charles X Louis XVIII

  7. Louis-Napoleon Bonaparte Louis-Philippe

  8. Revolutions of 1848 • Uprisings swept across German Confederation, Ireland, and Italian states. • Constitutional assembly in Germany elected a government. • Restricted by Austrian emperor, and only involved German Federation and Prussia. • Offered hereditary crown to Prussian king, who refused to be “elected.” • Assembly disbanded by Prussian troops and restores regional monarchs.

  9. Ireland • Ethnolinguisticnationalists in Ireland debate the role of Catholicism. • 1854 potato blight killed about a fifth of the population from famine. • Mass emigration to the United States. • Young Irelanders pushed for home rule but were stopped by police.

  10. Italy • Many Italian states were under Austrian control, others were weak states. • Unification of Italy by Cavour, under the King Victor Emanuel II of Piedmont-Sardinia. • Aided by Garibaldi, a republican but wanted to unify Italy at all costs.

  11. Italian Unification

  12. Giuseppe Garibaldi Victor Emanuel II

  13. Giuseppe Verdi (1813 – 1901)

  14. Prussia . . . Germany Otto von Bismarck Wilhelm I

  15. Second Schleswig War 1864 • Austro-Prussian War 1866 (“Seven Weeks War”) • Franco-Prussian War 1870-71

  16. Richard Wagner (1813 – 1883)

  17. Great Britain • . . . faced two struggles in the nineteenth century. • Scotland, Wales, and Ireland wanted home rule, granted after World War I. • Parliamentary reforms extended franchise to middle and lower classes. • Great Reform Bill of 1832 granted more seats to industrial north. • Corn Laws repealed in 1846 and made grain cheaper. • Second Reform in 1847 opened up voting to working-class voters.

  18. Queen Victoria Born 1819 Reigned 1837-1901

  19. Romanticism and Realism: Philosophical and Artistic Expression to 1850 • Romantics reacted against the materialist thought of the Enlightenment. • Hegel argued that all thought moved to matter in a dialectic. • Led to ego-centered poetry of Coleridge, Wordsworth, and Shelley. • In America, Romantic poetry was transcendentalist: Emerson, Dickinson. • Romantic composers such as Beethoven and Berlioz were encouraged by middle class interest in music. • Romanic painters and writers explored nature and questioned social hierarchy. • Realism shifted focus from the self to the prosaic world of the middle class. • Comte’s Positivism privileged the age of science. • Realist writers moved away from sentiment to middle class aesthetic.

  20. Wanderer Above the Sea of Fog Caspar David Friedrich, 1818

  21. The Gleaners Jean-François Millet, 1857

More Related