Chapter 22 Part 2

1. Chapter 22Part 2 The Industrial Revolution

2. A Growing demand for textiles • Led to the world’s first large factories • The constant shortage of thread caused new inventions of the proto-industrial period • The key event of the industrial revolution was the steam engine’s application to textile production: • Richard Arkwright used the steam engine to power looms and required factory production

3. Metallurgical industries • Boomed as they provided the machinery • By 1790 new machines produced ten times as much cotton yarn as in 1770 • By 1800 production of cotton thread was England’s most important industry • By 1850 England produced ½ of the world’s cotton cloth

4. Cotton Goods • Became much cheaper and were enjoyed by all classes • Poor people could afford underwear!

5. Steam engines and coal • A revolution in energy! • Went from wood-burning (charcoal) to coal-burning • Before 1789 charcoal was the feul mixed with iron ore in the blast furnace to produce pig iron

6. Deforestation • Occurred in England and parts of Europe • Coal provided steam power used in many industries • By 1850 England produced 2/3 of the world’s coal

7. The Steam Engine • In 1698 Thomas Savory and in 1705 Thomas Newcomen invented the steam pump to pump water out of mines • Both of the above were really inefficient • They had replaced mechanical pumps powered by animals

8. James Watt in 1769 • Invented the first efficient steam engine • Was a chemist who was working with a problematic Newcomen steam engine. • He moved the condenser… • Was the most fundamental advance in technology

9. Steam Power Began to replace water power in cotton-spinning mills in the 1780’s Other mills as well: flour, malt, flint Radical changes in manufacturing and transport

10. The Iron Industry Was also radically changed by steam power Rising supplies of coal gave rise to rising iron production which gave rise to heavy industry (the manufacture of machinery and materials used in production) Iron production switched rapidly from charcoal to coke in smelting pig iron

11. Henry Cort 1780’s Developed the Puddling Furnace: allowed pig iron to be refined with coke By 1850 England produced more than ½ of the world’s iron

12. Transportation Radical changes made possible by steam power Needed faster ways to distribute finished goods AND to procure raw materials to factories

13. New Canal Systems The Duke of Bridgewater at the forefront Canals connected waterways AND worked with other industries: RR’s

14. Hard-surfaced Roads Pioneered by John McAdam Big improvement in over-land travel

15. Steamboats 1807 Robert Fulton’s Clermont On the Hudson River Made 2-way river transport possible Made travel on high seas faster 1838 first steamship crossed the Atlantic

16. Railroads 1803 First steam wagon in London 1825 George Stephenson made the railway locomotive commercially successful By 1829 the locomotive was widely used in England

17. The Rocket 1830 The world’s first important RR Manchester to Liverpool In the heart of industrial England 16 mph By 1840’s: many private companies organized to build more

18. Impact of the RR Big reduction in the cost of shipping freight on land Caused growing regional and national markets Helped to increase the #s of the urban working class who came from the countryside Many cottage workers BUILT the RRs then used the RRs to find work

19. England in 1850 Produced 2/3 of the world’s coal Produced more than ½ of the world’s cotton cloth Produced more than ½ of the world’s iron GNP between 1801-1850 was up by 350%! Population: 9 million in 1780 to 21 million in 1851

20. Per capita income Increased 100% between 1801-1851 The economy grew faster than population Caused a great demand for labor

21. The Crystal Palace Built by the English to celebrate England’s success with the industrial age All Glass and Iron 1851 international exhibit Prince Albert supervised the work Was 1/3 of a mile long 800,000 square feet

22. Crystal Palace in Hyde Park