Gender Perspective

2. Gender Perspective Linda Johansson Head of Section, Capability and Liaison at Nordic Centre for Gender in Military Operations 2010-2011 Gender Advisor to COM RC N Afghanistan 2008-2009 Gender Field Advisor to COM PRT MES Afghanistan

3. Agenda • Background UNSCR 1325 and related resolutions • Terms and definitions • Gender perspectives in military operations • Implementation in peacekeeping operations • Mission specificexamples - Group discussions • Questions

4. Aim Course participants will be introduced to: • Terms and definitions related to Gender in Peacekeeping Operations • The background of UNSCR 1325 and related resolutions, “Women, peace and security” • Practical examples and Lessons Learned

5. WhatisGender?

6. Gender terms and definitions Sex Gender Gender perspective Gender balance Gender Hierarchy Gender System Gender-based violence Sexual violence Gender equality Gender equity

7. Three themes which we should not mix up • Assumptions and culture about being male and being female – changes and varies between areas and over time. • Actual roles and patterns: economical, political, legal and social roles for men and women. These result in patters/trends of access to power and resources. Changes slowly but faster during war and conflict resolution. Many similarities between countries but cannot be assumed (but makes it possible to ask generic questions). • Biological differences between men and women (most notably medical importance). The same in all countries and ‘non-changing’. Ex. maternal mortality.

8. Focus on that Gender perspective is essential for the operational effects • Education, training and understanding • Leadership

9. Whatis the first thingthat hits yourmindwhenyouhear? Men, War and conflicts

10. Whatis the first thingthathittsyourmindwhenyouhear? Women, War and conflicts

11. Traditional Gender Constructions Men Women Mother, Wife, Doughter Care, nurture, nurse Protected Private sphere the good and beautiful Gender, Sex and the Postnational Defense – Annika Kronsell (2012) • Soldier • Defend, fight • Protector • Public sphere • do the necessary ‘evil’ 

12. What is a gender perspective and why is it important? To have a gender perspective is to be able to detect if and when men and women are being affected differently by a situation/operation due to their gender. It is also used as a tool to provide special protection and uphold the freedom of movement for women and girls and in order to strengthen their rights and security.

13. Unless we know who is affected — women or men, girls or boys — and who among them is most at risk, at what time and place, the protection/security we provide may be off target.

15. The Universal Declarationof Human Rights (article 1 and 2) All human beingsarebornfree and equal in dignity and rights.Theyareendowedwithreason and conscience and shouldacttowardsoneanother in a spirit ofbrotherhood. Everyone is entitledto all the rights and freedoms set forth in thisDeclaration, withoutdistinctionofany kind, such as race, colour, sex, language, religion, political or other opinion, national or social origin, property, birth or other status.

16. UN ”Women, Peace & Security” Resolutions • UNSCR 1325 (2000) Original resolution– participation, protection & gendermainstreaming • UNSCR 1820 (2008) Protection – sexual violence • UNSCR 1888 (2009) Protection – sexual violence (implementation) • UNSCR 1889 (2009) Peace building, 1325 anniversary & indicators • UNSCR 1960 (2010) Sexual violence (ending impunity) • UNSCR 2106 (2013) Conflict related sexual violance • UNSCR 2122 (2013) Participation

17. The 3 Pillarsof WPS The DeputySecretary-General developed 3 keystrategiestoimplement the UNSCR 1325: • Protection • Prevention • Participation -Method: Gender Mainstreaming

18. Protection The UNSCR on Women, Peace and Securityreaffirm the needtoimplementfully international humanitarian and human rightslawthatprotects the rightsof the entire population during and afterconflicts. Which mandates existtoprotectvulnerablegroups? -Outsidemilitaryprotection -domesticprotection -judicialprotection

19. Participation The UNSCR 1325 encourages the Secretary-General to implement his strategic plan of action calling for an increase in the participation of women at all decision-making levels in conflict resolution and peace processes. Implementation can be achieved through: -Peace negotiations -FemaleKeyLeaders -Elections

20. Prevention Understanding the impactofarmedconflict on the entire population in ordet toeffectivelyinstitutionalise arrangements toguaranteeprotection, as a methodtoprevent. The full participation in the peace process can significantly contribute to the maintenance and promotion of international peace and security. For example: -with the useofcorrect information -higherfemale participation and representation, etc.

21. Gender and Operations Planning Directive

22. Gender Analysis Activity Profile - Who does what, where and when? Resources Profile - Who accesses, controls and benefits from valued resources? Influencing factors - Community norms and social hierarchies, demographic factors, institutional structures, laws, training & education etc. Assessments - Consequences, impact, inputs and needs

23. Gender Analysis

25. Tasksattacticallevel in Military Operations Patrolling Check-point duties Humanitarian aid support Protection activities Assistance to national security forces 25

26. Whose security?

27. MONUSCO Task: You are tasked to perform a gender analysis on the following incident report; The electric utilities has cout down all power supplies to a village clouse by the administrative border.

28. MONUSCO – Safe and secure environment

29. Task:

30. Questions?

31. Women, Peace and Security • Way Ahead: • Improve the involvement of women at all levels in the peace process and ensure women’s participation in the struggle of bringing peace, develompent and good governance. • Gender Perspectives in Operations should be planned, executed and evaluated in linewith the operationalobjectives. • Doctrines, policies • Orders and plans. • Decisiveconditions and End State • “Looking the other way makes you a part of the problem. Protecting the people not only requires protecting them from physical harm but also corruption and abuse of power” • - COMISAF Directive 2009

32. Mission Documents • Oplan • With gender annex • FRAGOs • SOPs • TTPs • Assessments and reports

33. ”Onlyifwomen play a full and equal part canwebuildthe foundations for enduringpeace, development, goodgovernance, human rights and justice.” - Kofi A. Annan Secretary-General of the United Nations, from 1 January 1997 to 31 December 2006.

34. Questions? Major Linda Johansson Head of Section, Capability and Liaison at Nordic Centre for Gender in Military Operations

35. WWW.FORSVARSMAKTEN.SE

36. Gender/Sex ”Gender refers to the social attributes associated with being male and female learned through socialisation and determines a person’s position and value in a given context. This means also the relationships between women and men and girls and boys, as well as the relationsships between women and those by men. These atrributes, opportunities and relationships are socially constructed and are learned through socialisation processes. Notably, gender does not equatetowoman” NATO Bi-SC Directive 40-1 ”Sexdefines the biologicaldifferencesbetween men and women. Thesecharacteristicsarecongenital and theirdifferencesarelimitedtopsysiologicalreproductivefunctions” Gender Makes Sense – CCOE

37. Identify Training Need (Why) TOPICS TO LEARN • Definition & Concept of Gender • UNSCR 1325 and related Resolutions • NATO Directive BI-SC 40-1 • Operational impact of Gender • Women Empowerment (KLE) • Cooperation with other actors (stakeholders) dealing with Gender • Gender in relation to CIMIC/Development Projects • Standards of behavior / Code of Conduct • Gender and Security • Gender Based Violence and Violation of Human Rights • Gender in relation to the specific culture • Gender in relation to Human Rights / Local Legislation • Gender in relation to refugees

38. The PRT activities support the 3 pillars of security, governance and development

39. Gender perspective at staff Level • Executive Level • Commander, Deputy Commander, Chief of Staff • Benefits (how GENAD can contribute to their work) • Relate to mission accomplishment • Operational Level • Operational Staff (J-2, 3, 5,9) • Benefits of using a Gender Perspective • Use OPORD and MDMP as basis for format • Subordinate Commands (Executive Officer, Staff) • Tactical Level • Identify units based on mission • Structure to mission • Joint Regional Detachments (JRD) • Liaison Monitoring Teams (LMT, LOT) • Civilian Military Cooperation (CIMIC)

41. Guidance (Why) • UNSCR WPS • On women, peace and security • Implementation Plan (Policy) • NATO Action Plan (Operations) • Mainstreaming UNSCR 1325 into NATO-led Operations and Missions • Bi-SC Directive 40-1 (Military) • Integrating UNSCR 1325 and Gender Perspective in the NATO Command Structure

42. Gender mainstreaming • is the process of assessing the implications for women and men of any planned action, including legislation, policies or programmes, in all areas and at all levels. • It is a strategy for making women’s as well as men’s concerns and experiences an integral dimension of the design, implementation, monitoring and evaluation of policies and programmes in all political, economic and societal spheres so that women and men benefit equally and inequality is not perpetuated. • The ultimate goal is to achieve gender equality’. * UN DPKO UN Department of Peacekeeping Operations and Department of Field Support, DPKO/DFS Guidelines: “Integrating a Gender Perspective into the work of the United Nations Military in Peacekeeping Operations” March 2010, 2012-01-30, 11 am, http://www.un.org/en/peacekeeping/documents/dpko_dfs_gender_military_perspective.pdf Nordic Centre for Gender in Military Operations

43. CO’s guidance CO’s guidance and Intent - ID - WO. XXXX FRAGO OPS ”Kick-Off” - OPO TASKS COA DB OPLAN Updated OPLAN MAB WAR GAMING OCM MAB rehearsal COA DB rehearsal OPORD WngO ORDER/FRAGO WngO ? OPP sequence COA dev. COA dev. OPLAN dev. OPLAN review MA CONOPS GENDER PERSPECTIVE must be incuded

44. Decisive Conditions - DCs Stage II: Orientation Example of an Operational Design for a CRO/PSO Border re- established Human trafficing prevented Zones of Separation established Ceasefire established End State Civilian auth. in place and control Active participation of women COG Elections Successful Equal participation Refugees returned (women,men,boys and girls) Own Force Credibility Military handover Females are incuded in SSR Former Warring Factions (FWF) Passed through DDR Women,men,boys and girls Mil security achieved CRO-Crisis Respons Operation.