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CHAPTER 4 ELECTRICITY

CHAPTER 4 ELECTRICITY. 4.1 4.2. PRINCIPLES OF ELECTRICITY ELECTRICITY IN COSMETOLOGY. Define the 10 major terms used in electricity Describe the safety measures to be followed when using electrical appliances Explain the 3 kinds of effects that can be created by electric current

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CHAPTER 4 ELECTRICITY

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  1. CHAPTER 4ELECTRICITY 4.1 4.2 PRINCIPLES OF ELECTRICITY ELECTRICITY IN COSMETOLOGY Chapter 4 ELECTRICITY | advance organizer

  2. Define the 10 major terms used in electricity • Describe the safety measures to be followed when using electrical appliances • Explain the 3 kinds of effects that can be created by electric current • List the effects that can be created by special current (modalities) used during electrotherapy and light therapy treatments Chapter 4 ELECTRICITY | advance organizer

  3. 4.1 Principles of electricity Vocabulary of Electricity Electric current Safety measures Chapter 4 ELECTRICITY | Principles of electricity |advance organizer

  4. Electricity: a form of energy that produces light, heat, magnetic and chemical changes • Electricity and electric current Chapter 4 ELECTRICITY | Principles of electricity |Vocabulary of Electricity

  5. Wood Silver Plastic Copper Rubber Graphite Alcohol Carbon Pure Distilled Water Water-Containing Ions Loads: electrically powered appliances Loads, conductors and insulators Chapter 4 ELECTRICITY | Principles of electricity |Vocabulary of Electricity

  6. Cords on appliances should be kept straight and free of knots, kinks and tangles to prevent breaks. Electricity and electric current WARNING! A break in any electrical cord can put you or your client in contact with an active current, causing electrical shock. Chapter 4 ELECTRICITY | Principles of electricity |Vocabulary of Electricity

  7. Vocabulary of electricity Chapter 4 ELECTRICITY | Principles of electricity |Vocabulary of Electricity

  8. DC AC ELECTRIC CURRENT Two forms: • Direct Current (DC): Electrons move at an even rate in only one direction • Alternating Current (AC)Electrons flow first in one direction and then the other Chapter 4 ELECTRICITY | Principles of electricity |ELECTRIC CURRENT

  9. DC • Special instruments • ConverterChanges direct current to alternating current • RectifierChanges alternating currentto direct current AC AC DC Chapter 4 ELECTRICITY | Principles of electricity |ELECTRIC CURRENT

  10. AC Source: provides the force to move electrons through a conductor • Sources of electric Current BATTERY GENERATOR • Produces direct current • Has electrons that flow toward the positive terminal in a circuit • Produces alternating current • Uses mechanical energy to produce flow of electrons • Used in salons most often DC Chapter 4 ELECTRICITY | Principles of electricity |ELECTRIC CURRENT

  11. TWO CONDITIONS NECESSARY FOR AN ELECTRIC CURRENT: • Source • Generator producing alternating current • Battery producing direct current • Circuit • Closed path through which electrons travel to operate an appliance • How electric current is produced Chapter 4 ELECTRICITY | Principles of electricity |ELECTRIC CURRENT

  12. How electric current is produced ELECTRON FLOW • Closed Path (Circuit): path on which electrons leave the source and operate an appliance; switch is on • Open Circuit: path of electron flow is broken; switch is off Chapter 4 ELECTRICITY | Principles of electricity |ELECTRIC CURRENT

  13. PARALLEL AND SERIES WIRING • Parallel Wiring • Powers several loads at once or at different times • Install only parallel wiring in a salon • Series Wiring • Runs all loads at the same time • Circuit travels from one load to the next • How electric current is produced Chapter 4 ELECTRICITY | Principles of electricity |ELECTRIC CURRENT

  14. Overload: occurs when too many appliances on one circuit are being operated at the same time; line has more current than it is designed to carry Fires can occur when an extension cord with multiple plugs attaches 4 or 5 appliances to one wall socket • Overload and short circuit Chapter 4 ELECTRICITY | Principles of electricity |ELECTRIC CURRENT

  15. Short Circuit: occurs when a “foreign conductor” comes in contact with wire carrying current to a load • Overload and short circuit Chapter 4 ELECTRICITY | Principles of electricity |ELECTRIC CURRENT

  16. fuse Fuse: safety device containing a fine metal wire that allows current to flow through it • Connected directly to the circuits in the power box • Melts wire to break current if overload occurs • Cannot be reused Chapter 4 ELECTRICITY | Principles of electricity |ELECTRIC CURRENT

  17. Circuit Breaker: reusable device that breaks the flow of current when an overload occurs • Connects directly to the circuits in the power box • Breaks the flow of current when an overload occurs • Contains two pieces of metal that make contact and allow current to flow • Separates the pieces witha heat-sensing device if the flow of current is too high • Circuit breaker Chapter 4 ELECTRICITY | Principles of electricity |ELECTRIC CURRENT

  18. Grounding Wire: wire in the three-wire system running directly to the ground that protects you when operating certain kinds of appliances • Prevents excess flow of current from going to user • Found on any appliance requiring this protection, which has a three-prong plug • Grounding wire Chapter 4 ELECTRICITY | Principles of electricity |ELECTRIC CURRENT

  19. Shock:occurs when a human has contact with an electric current Knock person out of circuit by using an insulator (broom, plastic brush or plastic garbage pail) Unplug appliance using insulator to avoid circuit Rush to power box and turn off all circuit breakers • shock 1 2 3 Chapter 4 ELECTRICITY | Principles of electricity |ELECTRIC CURRENT

  20. shock Chapter 4 ELECTRICITY | Principles of electricity |ELECTRIC CURRENT

  21. EMERGENCY PROCEDURES FOR ELECTRICAL FIRES • Do NOT put water on it • Turn off the circuit • Smother the fire with rug, towel, powder or use fire extinguisher • Electrical fires Chapter 4 ELECTRICITY | Principles of electricity |ELECTRIC CURRENT

  22. Know your equipment The 3 types of electrically powered equipment typically used in the salon are: • Thermal – used to generate heat • Mechanical – has a motor • Combination – generates heat and produces a flow of air Chapter 4 ELECTRICITY | Principles of electricity |ELECTRIC CURRENT

  23. Self-check On a sheet of paper numbered 1-8, answer the following questions. • T or F Materials that best transport electricity are called conductors. • T or F Materials that DO NOT allow a current to pass through them are called prisms. • T or F The unit of electric strength is called an amp. • T or F The unit of electric pressure is called an ohm. Chapter 4 ELECTRICITY | Principles of electricity |Self-check

  24. Self-check • The two forms of electrical current are: • AC and DC • AD and BC • AB and CD • hot and cold • The name for the measure of how much electrical energy is being used is called ___________. Chapter 4 ELECTRICITY | Principles of electricity |Self-check

  25. Self-check • A reusable safety device that breaks the flow of current when an overload occurs is a: • fuse • 3-wire system • circuit breaker • grounding wire • A shock that passes through a small part of the body is called a __________ __________. Chapter 4 ELECTRICITY | Principles of electricity |Self-check

  26. Self-check On a sheet of paper numbered 1-8, answer the following questions. • T or F Materials that best transport electricity are called conductors. • T or F Materials that DO NOT allow a current to passthrough them are called prisms. • T or F The unit of electric strength is called an amp. • T or F The unit of electric pressure is called an ohm. Chapter 4 ELECTRICITY | Principles of electricity |Self-check

  27. Self-check • The two forms of electrical current are: • AC and DC • AD and BC • AB and CD • hot and cold • The name for the measure of how much electrical energy is being used is called ___________. watt Chapter 4 ELECTRICITY | Principles of electricity |Self-check

  28. Self-check • A reusable safety device that breaks the flow of current when an overload occurs is a: • fuse • 3-wire system • circuit breaker • grounding wire • A shock that passes through a small part of the body is called a __________ __________. shock local Chapter 4 ELECTRICITY | Principles of electricity |Self-check

  29. Face the facts VOCABULARY OF ELECTRICITY • Electricity is a form of energy that produces light, heat, magnetic and chemical changes • Electric current is the movement of electricity along a path called a conductor • Load is the technical name of any electrically powered appliance • Conductor is a material that allows electricity to flow through it easily Chapter 4 ELECTRICITY | Principles of electricity |Face the facts

  30. Face the facts VOCABULARY OF ELECTRICITY • Insulator is material that does not allow the flow of electric current • Amp is a unit of electric strength • Volt is a unit of electric pressure • Ohm is a unit of electric resistance • Watt is a measure of how much electrical energy is being used Chapter 4 ELECTRICITY | Principles of electricity |Face the facts

  31. Face the facts ELECTRIC CURRENT • Electric current exists in two forms – AC and DC SAFETY MEASURES • Safety devices are installed in many appliances and buildings because of the possibility of overloads and short circuits Chapter 4 ELECTRICITY | Principles of electricity |Face the facts

  32. 4.2 Electricity in cosmetology Effects of Electric Current Electrotherapy Light Therapy Chapter 4 ELECTRICITY | Electricity in cosmetology | advance organizer

  33. Effects of Electric Current 3 KINDS OF EFFECTS • HEATING EFFECTSFlow of current causes special conductors (heating elements) to produce heat • MECHANICAL OR MAGNETIC EFFECTSPush-pull effect causes motorto turn • ELECTROCHEMICAL EFFECTSElectric current travels through water-based solution Chapter 4 ELECTRICITY | Electricity in cosmetology | Effects of Electric Current

  34. electrotherapy Electrotherapy: application of special currents (modalities) that have certain effects on the skin FOUR TYPES OF ELECTROTHERAPY CURRENT: • Galvanic Current • Faradic Current • Sinusoidal Current • Tesla Current ALERT! A person with any potentially restrictive medical condition should always consult a physician before receiving electrotherapy treatment. Chapter 4 ELECTRICITY | Electricity in cosmetology | electrotherapy

  35. Electrode: current conductor used to bring the current from the appliance to the client’s skin COMMON ELECTRODES:• Comb • Carbon• Rake• Massage Roller • Wrist In electrotherapy, electric current is reduced from 120 volts to a level safely handled by the human body by the use of a wall plate Chapter 4 ELECTRICITY | Electricity in cosmetology | electrotherapy

  36. Galvanic Current: direct current (DC) of low voltage and high amperage • Has electrochemical effect and is oldest form of electrotherapy • Needs a special appliance to convert salon’s AC to DC • Causes a chemical effect by passing current through acid or alkaline solutions and/or by passing current through body tissues and fluids • Galvanic current Chapter 4 ELECTRICITY | Electricity in cosmetology | electrotherapy

  37. Phoresis: process of forcing an acid (+) or alkali (-) into the skin by applying current to the chemical • Is most typical application of Galvanic Current • Referred to as “bleaching the skin” • Galvanic current Chapter 4 ELECTRICITY | Electricity in cosmetology | electrotherapy

  38. Anaphoresis: uses a negative (-) pole to force alkaline solutions into the skin without breaking the skin Effects on the area of the body to which it is applied include: • Produces alkaline reaction • Increases blood flow • Softens tissues • Stimulates nerves • Galvanic current Chapter 4 ELECTRICITY | Electricity in cosmetology | electrotherapy

  39. Cataphoresis: uses a positive (+) pole to force acidic solutions into the skin without breaking the skin Temporary effects on the area of the body to which it is applied include: • Produces acidic reaction • Slows blood flow • Hardens tissues • Soothes nerves • Galvanic current Chapter 4 ELECTRICITY | Electricity in cosmetology | electrotherapy

  40. Galvanic Current Electrotherapy • Apply active electrode to the client • Instruct client to hold the inactive electrode • Wrap active and inactive electrodes in moist cotton Do not use Galvanic Current over an area having many broken capillaries. Never use more than one milliampere of current on a client • Galvanic current Chapter 4 ELECTRICITY | Electricity in cosmetology | electrotherapy

  41. Faradic Current: alternating current, interrupted to produce a mechanical, non-chemical reaction BENEFITS: • Improves blood circulation • Improves muscle tone • Stimulates hair growth • Increases glandular activity • Faradic current Chapter 4 ELECTRICITY | Electricity in cosmetology | electrotherapy

  42. Indirect Method: most frequently used application of Faradic Current electrotherapy • Wear wrist band with moistened electrode • Have client hold second electrode or attach to lower neck • Place fingers on client’s face before turning on current to prevent shock • Perform facial massage when the current reachesdesired level • Turn current completely off before removing fingersfrom client • Faradic current Chapter 4 ELECTRICITY | Electricity in cosmetology | electrotherapy

  43. Direct Method: application used less often for Faradic Current electrotherapy • Place both electrodes on client’s skin • Be certain that electrodes never touch • Turn on current and slowly increase only after electrodes are in place • Faradic current Chapter 4 ELECTRICITY | Electricity in cosmetology | electrotherapy

  44. Sinusoidal Current: alternating current with a mechanical effect that produces muscle contraction • Use the indirect method application only • Penetrates more deeply • Provides greater stimulation to treated area Should not be used on unhealthy and/or broken skin • Sinusoidal current Chapter 4 ELECTRICITY | Electricity in cosmetology | electrotherapy

  45. Tesla High Frequency Current: alternating current that can be adjusted to different voltages to produce heat • Known as the “violet-ray” • Does not produce muscle contractions • Can result in relaxation or stimulation depending on method of application • Tesla current Chapter 4 ELECTRICITY | Electricity in cosmetology | electrotherapy

  46. Three methods for using Tesla High Frequency Current: Direct Application • Apply electrode directly to the client’s scalp or face Indirect Application • Hand glass electrode to client before activating current • Manually stimulate the area being treated • Turn off current before client returns electrode • Tesla current Chapter 4 ELECTRICITY | Electricity in cosmetology | electrotherapy

  47. Tesla current Three methods for using Tesla High Frequency Current: General Electrification • Hand electrode to client before activating current • Switch power on; tingling or vibrating effect is felt by client Chapter 4 ELECTRICITY | Electricity in cosmetology | electrotherapy

  48. Cosmetology uses for Tesla Current include: • Tesla current • Indirect Application • Dry skin facial treatment • Dry scalp • Direct Application • Mild acne and/orblackhead facial treatment • Scalp treatment Chapter 4 ELECTRICITY | Electricity in cosmetology | electrotherapy

  49. GENERAL • Always read manufacturer’s directions and follow them carefully • Electrodes should never touch each other GALVANIC, FARADIC & SINUSOIDAL CURRENT • Never take current over 1 milliampere • Make sure current is off before beginning indirect application and before breaking contact with client • Should not exceed 30 minutes for sinusoidal treatment • Electrotherapy precautions Chapter 4 ELECTRICITY | Electricity in cosmetology | electrotherapy

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