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Nirmala Menikpura

Nirmala Menikpura. Life cycle greenhouse gas emissions and other impacts from recycling activities: a case study in Thailand. Institute of Global Environmental Strategies (IGES). General Background of Municipal Solid Waste (MSW) Management in Thailand.

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Nirmala Menikpura

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  1. Nirmala Menikpura Life cycle greenhouse gas emissions and other impacts from recycling activities: a case study in Thailand Institute of Global Environmental Strategies (IGES)

  2. General Background of Municipal Solid Waste (MSW) Management in Thailand • In 2009 the volume of garbage in Thailand was approximately 41,410 tonnes per day • Only 23% generated waste is separated and sent to recycling centers • The remaining fraction is disposed at open dumps and non-engineered landfills • Promotion of recycling activates in Thailand is crucial in order to minimize the severity of waste problem 2

  3. Life Cycle Effects of Recycling Activities • All processes are required significant amount of energy and materialsand result in environmental impacts due to consumption of resources, emissions Energy, materials Emissions e.g: GHG Collection of recyclables Avoided Energy, materials Energy, materials Recovery of materials and avoidedvirgin production chains Avoided Emissions Pre-processing : cutting, cleaning, baling Emissions e.g: GHG Transportation to the recycling facility ) Recycling process Energy, materials Energy, materials Emissions e.g: GHG Emissions e.g: GHG 3

  4. Recycling as an option to replace virgin production • Considerable amount of materials can be recovered from recycling and therefore virgin production of materials can be avoided

  5. Recycling as an option to replace virgin production

  6. Recycling as an option to replace virgin production

  7. Quantification of the effects of recycling -A Case Study in Nonthaburi • Nonthaburi municipality was selected to evaluate the implications of recycling activities on the sustainability which is located 20 km northwest of Bangkok • The Municipality covers an area of 39 km2 hosting a population of 0.27 million • Nonthaburi municipality is making an effort to maximizing recycling and minimizing waste generation • Public participation and awareness raising campaigns were recognised as key factors for such successful achievements as well as the strong political will of the local administration • MSW generation is 370 tonnes per day and approximately 90 tonnes of recyclables separated at the household level and sent to the recycling facilities 7

  8. LCA Framework for assessment • LCA was used as the basic toolto evaluate the environmental, economic and social impacts • Quantification was done for “recycling of one tonne of waste in a recyclable mix”

  9. Data Collection for Sustainability Assessment • Basic data on material and energy consumptions, costs and revenues, employment opportunities etc were collected from various sorting plants and recycling facilities in Thailand Indicators for sustainability assessment of recycling 9

  10. Composition of recyclables and material recoveryrate The composition of the recyclable mix and material recovery rate of the different materials are important factors to assess the amount of materials that can be recovered from recycling Composition of recyclables mix in Nonthaburi (weight basis) Recovery rate of recyclables 10

  11. GHG emissions from recycling • GHG emissions from virgin production is significantly higher than recycling except plastics recycling • Benefit of aluminium recycling is outstanding in GHG mitigation + values=GHG emissions Net GHG emissions = -4,520 kg CO2-eq/tonne of mixed recyclables - values=GHG avoidance Net GHG emissions = GHG emissions from recycling –GWP virgin production-GHG emissions from landfilling of recyclables 11

  12. Abiotic (fossil) ResourceDepletion Potential from Recycling • Contribution of recycling on saving abiotic resources are remarkable as compared to the virgin production processes • Recycling contribute for saving aboitic/fossil resources that would otherwise be occurred through virgin production process chains + values= resources consumption Net resource depletion = -21.3kg Sb-eq/tonne of waste - Values = resources saving 12

  13. Economic Feasibility of Recycling Gross Life Cycle Cost = Capital Cost + Operational and Maintenance Costs + Environmental Cost Net LCC = Gross LCC – Revenues from valuable by-products + values = Cost Net LCC = -11,700 baht/tonne (31Baht =1US$) - Values = Revenue • Net earnings from the daily amount of recyclable (90 tonnes) generated in Nonthaburi municipality is 1.02 million baht 13

  14. Social Impacts of Recycling Damage to human health = Mortality (YOLL)+ Sever Morbidity (YLD)+ Morbidity (YLD) + values = Health risk Net damage = Health damage avoidance 0.0093DALYs/tonne of mixed recyclables -ve values = Health damage avoidance 14

  15. Social Impacts of Recycling Activities

  16. 1. Income generation potential from selling of recyclables in Nonthaburi

  17. 2. Potential Employment Opportunities • Total created employment opportunities from90 tonnes of recyclables - 675 Employment opportunities created – 7 labours /tonne of mixed recyclables 17

  18. Improvement of Income Based Community Well-being • Income generation from selling of mix recyclables -17,440baht/tonne • Wages based income generation potential from recycling -2,900baht/tonne • Total income generation per tonne of mix waste recycling–20,340baht/tonne • This income would sufficient to cover monthly living cost of 4 individuals Nonthaburi Municipality is a good example for us to understand the Environmental, economic and social effects of recycling on 18

  19. Conclusions • The evaluation results of this study clearly indicated that the recycling activities are significantly contribute for GHG emission mitigation and well as an option to save the fossil resources • There are important socio-economic benefits from recycling • Therefore, recycling would contributes to improve sustainability of the entire waste management system in place • This research findings would be useful in strengthening law enforcement, recommending inclusive 3R policy initiatives for moving towards sustainable MSW management in Thailand 19

  20. THANK YOU VERY MUCH FOR YOUR ATTENTION Dr. Nirmala Menikpura Sustainable Consumption and Production (SCP) Group Institute of Global Environmental Strategies (IGES) E-mail: menikpura@iges.or.jp

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