EOC Test Preparation: Expansion, Industrialization, and Reform

1. EOC Test Preparation:Expansion, Industrialization, and Reform

2. Westward Expansion • Many people moved west in the hopes of gaining wealth (gold and silver), happiness, land, and prosperity • Claiming land that belonged to Native Americans.

3. Westward Expansion • Railroad • Allowed farmers and ranchers to ship products • Moved people to western cities • Transcontinental railroad • Union Pacific and Central Pacific joined tracks in Utah (1869) • Linked east to west

4. Westward Expansion • Native Americans • Plains Indians and buffalo • Reservations

5. Battles Between US Troops and Natives • Sand Creek Massacre • Native American resistance, 1861 • Cheyenne were supposed to give up claims to land that had been promised by US gov. • Cheyenne warriors launched raids on mining camps • US forces killed 270 Native Americans (most were women and children)

6. Battles Between US Troops and Natives • Battle of Little Bighorn • Sioux Indians, Red Cloud, Crazy Horse • 1876 George Custer attempted to surprise and defeat Sioux, who were resisting US troops • Sioux warriors surrounded the outnumbered US troops, killed Custer and 200 men. • Last great victory for Native Americans • 1877: Sioux and Cheyenne surrendered, forcibly moved to Dakotas and OK

7. Battles Between US Troops and Natives • Wounded Knee • 1890 • Sioux holy man developed a religious ritual called the ghost Dance • Sioux believed the dance would bring back the buffalo, land, and banish the whites from their land • US believed Sitting Bull was using the dance to start an uprising, US Army arrested and killed Sitting Bull and others. • Soldiers pursued Sioux to Wounded Knee Creek, 150 Native Americans were dead.

8. Battles Between US Troops and Natives • Dawes Act • 1887 • Abolished tribal organizations and divided up reservations for individual Native American families • After 25 years, land would go to those who became US citizens • Failed • Why?

9. The Rise of Big Business • Inventions and Natural Resources • North began to heavily industrialize • Thomas Edison • Light bulb • George Westinghouse • 1886, Alternating Current (AC) • Typewriter, vacuum, refrigeration cars for trains • Elevators • Machines for farming

10. The Rise of Big Business • Mass Production • Henry Ford and Model T. • Natural resources • App. Mountains: coal, iron ore • South: lumber • PA and Southwest: oil

11. Giants of Early US Industrialization • Railroad • Robber barons-corrupt ppl. In the industry, wealthy entrepreneurs • Cornelius Vanderbilt • 1869 NY Central railroad to Chicago (express)

12. Giants of Early US Industrialization • Oil • John D. Rockefeller • Standard Oil • Trust-business arrangement under which a number of companies unite into one system • Monopolies • Able to make his own prices and control the industry

13. Giants of Early US Industrialization • Steel • 1850s • Sir Henry Bessemer • Process where manufacturers could make steel much cheaper than before • Andrew Carnegie • Vertical integration-one corporation owns the company that produced finial product AND the companies that provide raw materials/inputs • Owned steel mills, iron ore, coal mines, RRs, ships (for transporting supplies)

14. Giants of Early US Industrialization • Finance Capitalism • Bankers who exerted economic influence through companies’ stocks and bonds • J. P. Morgan • Controlled banks, insurance companies, stock market operations • Worth $22 billion by 1913

15. Interlocking Directorates and Tariffs • Interlocking directorates-allowed directors of one company to serve as directors for other companies also • Control entire industries • Protective tariffs-taxed foreign imports and made it easier for US goods to be sold at higher prices

16. Social Darwinism and Gilded Age • Social Darwinism • Survival of the fittest applied to business strategies • Gilded Age • Many remained in poverty while only a few got wealthy • 1877-1900s • Prosperity was a sham, in reality: poverty and corruption

17. Cultural, Economic, and Political Impact • Capitalism • Market competition • International markets • Democracy • Industrialization changed the US • Increased production • New inventions • Consumer goods were more affordable • Standard of living rose • Middle Class emerges

18. Farmers and Populism • 1870s and 1880s it was very costly • Borrowed from banks to buy new machinery • Overproduction-too many agricultural products • Farm prices dropped drastically • Less money for goods, costs were increasing • Farmers blamed politicians and big business • Wanted more regulation • Interstate Commerce Act (1887) • President Cleveland • Regulated RR rates for public interest

19. Farmers and Populism • Farmers wanted subsidies • Gov. pay them money to cover losses • Farmers also wanted more money to be put into nation’s economy • Greenbacks-paper money • Wanted more money in hands of consumers • Why is this an issue???

20. Farmers and Populsim • The Grange • Cooperative where farmers came together • Stood up against RRs and other industries • Worked together to get new machinery and supplies • Sell produce without paying distributors • Education

21. Farmers and Populism • Populism • The people’s party • Embraced what farmers wanted • Greenbacks • Gov. regulation of business • Omaha Platform • Political party that catered to the common man • Broke down racial divisions between white and black farmers

22. Election of 1896 • Economic depression existed • Cleveland blamed for economic situation • To fix this: switched country from silver standard to gold standard (dollar could only be backed by gold) • Bimetalism-Those that felt the dollar should be backed by silver too • Populist party joined this side

23. Election of 1896 • William Jennings Bryan elected by Democrats • Backed bimetallism, won support of Populists • “Cross of Gold” speech • Republican William McKinley won

24. Urbanization • Migration to the Cities • More people moving to northern and western cities • Immigration • Mostly from Europe on the East Coast • Mostly from China (want to join the RR industry) on West Coast • Ellis Island • Angel Island

26. Urbanization • Issues Caused by Immigration • Took away jobs from natives • Foreign culture • Ethnic ghettos • Nativists • Racism

27. Urbanization • Laws Against Immigration • Chinese Exclusion Act • Gentlemen’s Agreement • Living and Working Conditions • Low wages • Everyone worked • Child labor common • Labor unions and racism

28. Urbanization • Living and Working Conditions (Cont.) • Long work hours • Dangerous conditions • Weatshops • Poor lit, ventilated • Urban slums • Tenements

29. Urbanization • New Lifestyle and Entertainment • Trolleys • Housing? • Saloons • Dance halls, cabarets • Amusement parks • Vaudeville shows • Sports • Parks

30. Urbanization • Political Machines • Unofficial entity meant to keep a certain party/group in power • Party/political boss • Favors or aid in exchange for votes • New York City’s Boss William Tweed and Tammany Hall

31. Rise of Labor Unions • Knights of Labor • 1869: men and women • Equal pay for equal work, end child labor • Didn’t last long: 1890s • American Federation of Labor • Samuel Gompers • Wages, working hours, conditions • Strikes and boycotts • Band together to meet demands, more power • Closed shop-workplaces could hire only union members

32. Rise of Labor Unions • Eugene V. Debs • Organized the American Railway Union • Pullman Strike leader • American Socialist Party • Ran for president multiple times

33. The Rise of Labor Unions • Employer Response • Blacklists • Forbade workers from joining • Lockouts • Scabs-replacement workers during strikes • Gov. supported business owners when it came to strikes • Injunctions-court orders that forbade strikes

34. The Rise of Labor Unions • Strikes and Confrontations • Great Strike 1877: • upset by wage cuts, RR workers acted violently in Midwest and eastern US • President Hayes sent in federal troops to put down protest • Showed gov. would help employers

35. The Rise of Labor Unions • Strikes and Confrontations • Haymarket Riot (May 1886) • Workers protested for 8 hr. workday • Radicals exploded a bomb that killed/wounded police officers • Riot broke out with gunfire on both sides • Turned many people against unions

36. The Rise of Labor Unions • Strikes and Confrontations • Homestead Strike • Steel workers 1892 • Carnegie Steel plant in PA • Pinkertons were a private police force that put down the strike • Shootout left several people dead/wounded • Union called off strike due to public perception

37. The Rise of Labor Unions • Strikes and Confrontations • Pullman Strike • 1894 • RR industry • Protest laying off workers, Pullman responded by firing 3 of the labor representatives, so union went on strike • National boycott of Pullman cars • Federal government responded with a court injunction against union • Troops were sent in to enforce injunction

38. Social Reform • Progressive Movement • Political, social, economic changes in US • Muckrackers • Ida Tarbell • Standard Oil trust • Upton Sinclair

39. Social Reform • Jane Addams • Hull House • Settlement houses • Help for immigrants and underprivileged • Temperance • Movement wanted to limit and end sale/consumption of alcohol • Prohibition

40. Social Reform • Women’s Suffrage • Seneca Falls Convention (1848) • 1870s: Susan B. Anthony was the major leader of the movement • Elizabeth Cady Stanton • National American Woman Suffrage Association • Carrie Chapman Catt and Alice Paul • 19th Amendment

41. Social Reform • Theodore Roosevelt • Not opposed to big business but believed some regulation necessary • Northern Securities v. US • Trust needed to be broken up • Created health and medicine reforms due to The Jungle. • Environmentalist

42. Social Reform • Woodrow Wilson • Federal Reserve Act • Oversees banking in the US • Opposed both big business and big government • Clayton Antitrust Act (1914)-strikes, picketing, boycotts legal • 16th Amendment-Congress has power to collect taxes on income • 17th Amendment-Senators elected directly by people