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Mechanisms of Disease

Mechanisms of Disease. Part 2 Aging and Death. Aging. Retirement age of 65 considered aging Actually aging begins when puberty ends around age 18 Degenerative diseases are those related to aging (Ex: joint and disk disease)

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Mechanisms of Disease

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  1. Mechanisms of Disease Part 2 Aging and Death

  2. Aging • Retirement age of 65 considered aging • Actually aging begins when puberty ends around age 18 • Degenerative diseases are those related to aging (Ex: joint and disk disease) • Thought to include heredity, lifestyle, stress, diet, and environment • Body replaces and repairs itself through life, but slows as we age

  3. Death • Cellular Injury and Death • Caused by • hypoxia (not enough oxygen) • Anoxia (no oxygen) • Trauma • Drug or bacterial toxins • Viruses • Survival depends on • Type of cell • Amount of time cell suffers • Type of injury

  4. Death • Cellular Adaptation- some go back to normal cells but sometimes permanently changed • Atrophy (a = without, trophy = growth) • often due to aging process • decrease in cell size • decrease in use and function

  5. Death • Hypertrophy (hyper = excessive, trophy = growth) • increase in size of tissue cells • Hyperplasia (hyper = excessive, plasia = growth) • Increase in cell number • Often due to hormonal stimulation

  6. Death • Dysplasia(dys = bad, plasia = growth) • Alteration in shape, size, and organization of cells • May change back to normal cells if irritant is removed, if not, may change to neoplasm • Metaplasia(meta = changed, plasia = growth) • Cell changes to another type of cell • Neoplasia (neo = new, plasia = growth) • Uncontrolled growth pattern

  7. Death Types of Cellular Adaptation

  8. Death • Cell and Tissue Death • Cell hypoxia caused by decreased blood flow is called ischemia • Without blood, there is no oxygen and without oxygen the cell cannot produce needed energy and dies • Cellular death is called necrosis (Coagulation most common-due to cellular anoxia) • When necrosis occurs due to ischemia, it is called an infarct

  9. Death • When saprophytic (dead tissue loving) bacteria become involved, the tissue has gangrene • Wet- caused by sudden stoppage of blood (Ex: burning, freezing, embolism) • Dry- blood slowed over long period of time (Ex: arteriosclerosis and advanced diabetes) • Gas- caused from dirty, infected wounds that become infected with anaerobic bacteria

  10. Death • Organism Death • According to the CDC the leading causes of death are • Heart disease • Cancer • Strokes (Cerebrovascular Accident- CVA) • If no death, but disabled, it is called morbidity

  11. Death • Determining death • Major organs stop functioning • Death usually determined by brain death • Lack of response to stimuli • Loss of all reflexes • Absence of respirations • Lack of brain activity as determined by EEG (Electroencephalogram)

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