Elements

1. Elements Prof. Dr. Richard Průša

2. Elements • Bioanorganic chemistry • C, N, P, O, H, S: proteins, nucleic acids, sugars, lipids • Ionts: K, F, Cl, I, Na, Ca, Fe • Essential trace elements: Mg, Cr, Co, Cu, Mo, Se, Zn • Toxic trace elements: As, Ba, Cd, Pb, Li, Hg, Pt

3. Elements • Trace elements: tissue conc. less than 50 mg/kg • Biologically active elements • Toxic elements, toxicology

4. Carbon • Nonreactive element • CO, CO-Hb • CO2, HCO3 • HCN

5. Hydrogen, oxygen • H – highly reactive, H2 • H2O • O, O2, O3 pO2, pCO2 – air, blood • CO, NO • H2O2 • Highly reactive forms of oxygen – anionts and radicals (10 forms): peroxide, superoxide, hydroxyl, peroxyl, perhydroxyl

6. Nitrogen, sulphur • N2, boiling point -200 C • NH3, NH4, NH2 • N2O, NO, N2O3, NO2, N205 • HNO2 – nitrates, met-Hb • HNO3 – nitrites • H2S, H2SO4 – sulphates, SH

7. Phosphorus, calcium, magnesium • H3P04, phosphates, bone, buffer, esters • Ca – bone (phosphate, carbonate, fluoride) • Ca – ionized, proteins, citrate, lactate • Oxalate, urate – renal stones • S-Ca 2.15 – 2.50 mmol/l • S-phosphate 0.80 – 1.45 mmol/l • S-Mg 0.65 – 1.1 mmol/l (urine – inh.)

8. Chromium • Role: metabolism of glucose, chromodulin (intracellular octapeptide), LMWCr factor • Deficiency: impaired glucose tolerance • Toxicity: occupational

9. Copper • Ceruloplasmin, acerulopl. • Cytochrom c oxidase, lysine 6-oxidase • Ferroxidase I and II, monoamine oxidase • Melanocytes – tyrosinase • Wilson d., Menkes sy., biliary obstr. • S-Cu 11-22 umol/l

10. Cobalt, fluorine • Component of vitamin B12 • Deficiency – anemia • Prevents tooth decay • Deficiency – increased dental caries

11. Manganese • Required for glycoprotein and proteoclycan synthesis • Superoxide dismutase • Pyruvate carboxylase • Arginase • Toxicity

12. Molybdenum • Sulphite oxidase • Xanthine dehydrogenase • Aldehyde oxidase

13. Selenium • Selenocystein (Se instead of sulphur), 21st aminoacid, UGA, tRNA • Glutathione peroxidases (4x) • Thioredoxin reductase • Selenoprotein P (10 atoms of Se) • Iodothyronine deiodinase (T4 – T3)

14. Zinc • About 300 zinc metalloenzymes and proteins • Metallothioneins • Carbonic anhydrase, alkaline phosphatase, • RNA and DNA polymerases • Alcohol dehydrogenase, thimidine kinase • Deficiency (AE), toxicity

15. Iron, Iodine • S-Fe M, F, about 10 – 25 umol/l • Hemoglobin, myoglobin • Cytochroms, Transferrin, Ferritin • Thyroxine, triiodthyronine, free forms • Thyroglobulin x TBG

16. Other elements • Boron, Nickel, Mercury, Cadmium • Silicon, Beryllium, Aluminium, Baryum • Antimony, Arsenic, Lithium, Vanadium • Lead • Silver, Gold, Platinum • Thallium, Bismuth, Germanium, Titanium

17. Na, K, Cl • NaCl 0.15 mol/l (0.9 % = 154 mmol/l) • Ionts • Na mmol/l: plasma 136 - 145, ICW 12 • K mmol/l: plasma 3.5 – 5.1, ICW 156 • Cl mmol/l: plasma 98 – 107, ICW 4 • Gastric HCl: 0.1 mol/l

18. Physiological values • Reference values, mean, 2SD, 5-95 % • Distribution of the data • Biological variability, inter a intra individual • Circadiann rhytms, variation – day, season

19. Chromium in the blood binds: • A) chromoglobulin • B) chromodulin • C) glucuronide • D) microalbumin

20. Which of the following proteins incorporates copper into its structure? • A) albumin • B) creatine kinase • C) haptoglobin • D) ceruloplasmin