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Elements

Elements. Concept:. Concept: Elements. Periodic table Group/family period Metalloid Metal Transition element Non-metal. Concept: Elements LEQ: What are the chemical symbols for the most commonly used elements?. History of Periodic Table

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Elements

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  1. Elements Concept:

  2. Concept: Elements • Periodic table • Group/family • period • Metalloid • Metal • Transition element • Non-metal

  3. Concept: ElementsLEQ: What are the chemical symbols for the most commonly used elements? • History of Periodic Table • Mendeleev (1869) arranged elements based on atomic mass • Anton van den Broek proposed that elements should be arranged to nuclear charge instead of atomic mass • Moseley confirmed these findings with x-ray spectra and arranged them by atomic number. Therefore, atomic number will increase from left to right.

  4. Concept: ElementsLEQ: What are the chemical symbols for the most commonly used elements? • H - Hydrogen • Li - Lithium • Na - Sodium • K - Potassium • Be -Beryllium • Mg - Magnesium • Ca - Calcium • Ba – Barium • Fe - Iron • Ni – Nickel • Pt - Platinum • Cu - Copper • Ag -Silver • Au – Gold • Zn - Zinc • Hg - Mercury • B - Boron • Al – Aluminum • C - Carbon • Si - Silicon • Ge – Germanium • Sn - Tin • Pb - Lead • N - Nitrogen • P - Phosphorus • As -Arsenic • Sb - Antimony • Bi – Bismuth • O - Oxygen • S - Sulfur • Se - Selenium • F - Fluorine • Cl - Chlorine • Br - Bromine • I - Iodine • He - Helium • Ar - Argon • Kr –Krypton • Ne – Neon

  5. Concept: ElementsLEQ: What are the distinguishing characteristics of metals, nonmetals, and metalloids? Metals • (blue area; groups 1-12 except H, and under stair-step line groups 13-15) • Good conductors of heat and electricity • Solid at room temperature (except for Hg) • Reflects light (luster) • Malleable (hammered into sheets) • Ductile (stretched/drawn into wire)

  6. Concept: ElementsLEQ: What are the distinguishing characteristics of metals, nonmetals, and metalloids? • Alkali Metals • Group 1 (one valence electron) • Softer than most other metals • Silvery/shiny • Most reactive of all metals (reacts rapidly with oxygen and water) • Do not occur in nature in elemental form • Stored (kerosene) • Fr - radioactive

  7. Concept: ElementsLEQ: What are the distinguishing characteristics of metals, nonmetals, and metalloids? • Alkaline Earth Metals • Group 2 (2 valence electrons) • Not found as free elements in nature • Gives fireworks color, bright red lights, aircraft

  8. Concept: ElementsLEQ: What are the distinguishing characteristics of metals, nonmetals, and metalloids? • Transition elements • Groups 3-12(elements in transformation) • Form colored compounds • Often occur in nature as uncombined elements • “Iron Triad” (Fe, Co, Ni – 8, 9, 10) • Used to make steel and other metal mixtures • “Coinage Metals” (Cu, Ag, Au – 11) • Stable, malleable, found in nature as free elements

  9. Concept: ElementsLEQ: What are the distinguishing characteristics of metals, nonmetals, and metalloids? • Zn, Cd, Hg (group 12) • Used to coat other metals • Cd – rechargeable batteries • Hg – liquid thermometers

  10. Concept: ElementsLEQ: What are the distinguishing characteristics of metals, nonmetals, and metalloids? • Inner Transitional Metals • ALL are radioactive and unstable • Lanthanides (Atomic Number 58-71) • Actinides (Atomic Number 90-103)

  11. Concept: ElementsLEQ: What are the distinguishing characteristics of metals, nonmetals, and metalloids? Nonmetals • Gases or brittle solids at room temperature • Can form ionic or covalent bonds • Not malleable • Not ductile • Most do not conduct heat or electricity • Generally not shiny • All, except H, are found on right of periodic table (in yellow)

  12. Concept: ElementsLEQ: What are the distinguishing characteristics of metals, nonmetals, and metalloids? • Group 17“Halogens” • Most reactive non-metal • 7 electrons in outer nrg level, one needed to make it complete • Gains an electron from metal  forms a salt • In gaseous state form reactive diatomic covalent molecules (identified by distinctive colors) • F – most chemically active of all elements • Cl – most abundant halogen • Br – only nonmetal that is liquid at room temp

  13. Concept: ElementsLEQ: What are the distinguishing characteristics of metals, nonmetals, and metalloids? • Group 18 “Noble gases” • Full outer energy level “happy” so they exist as isolate atoms • Stable & Relatively unreactive

  14. Concept: ElementsLEQ: What are the distinguishing characteristics of metals, nonmetals, and metalloids? Metalloids • Elements along stair-step line (except for Al) • Can form ionic and covalent bonds with other elements • metallic and nonmetallic properties • Semiconductors

  15. Concept: ElementsLEQ: What are the distinguishing characteristics of metals, nonmetals, and metalloids? • Mixed groups • Group 13 – Boron Group (Al most abundant metal) • Group 14 – Carbon group • Group 15 – Nitrogen Group • Group 16 – Oxygen Group

  16. Concept: ElementsLEQ: What are the distinguishing characteristics of metals, nonmetals, and metalloids? • Synthetic Elements • Elements not typically found on Earth • Made in a lab • With exception to Technetium 43 and Promethium 61, each synthetic element has more than 92 protons

  17. Concept: ElementsLEQ: What are the distinguishing characteristics of metals, nonmetals, and metalloids? • Plutonium (94) used in bombs and control rods of nuclear reactors • Americium – smoke detectors • Transuranium Elements – elements with 92+ • Synthetic and unstable; disintegrate quickly • Not considered metals, nonmetals, or metalloids

  18. Concept: ElementsLEQ: How does an element’s location on periodic table relate to valence electrons? • Period • Horizontal rows (across) • Use to tell energy level • Group • Vertical columns (down) • Elements within a group have similar properties due to valence electrons • Use to tell valence electrons • Valence electrons • the electrons in the outer most energy level that are available to chemically react • Correlates to the group number for main group elements

  19. Concept: ElementsLEQ: How does an element’s location on periodic table relate to valence electrons? • Energy levels (nrg) • 1-7 Correlate to periods (rows) on table • 1stnrg level can only hold 2 e. 8 e are needed for each nrg level to make that level complete and stable. Nrg levels closest to nucleus have lower nrg • Level 1 up to 2 e • Level 2 up to 8 e • Level 3 up to 18 e • Level 4 up to 32 e

  20. Concept: ElementsLEQ: How does an element’s location on periodic table relate to valence electrons? • Valence electrons for main group elements • Group 1 – 1; give up 1 • Group 2 – 2; give up 2 • Group 13 – 3; give up 3 • Group 14 - 4 • Group 15 – 5; gain 3 • Group 16 – 6; gain 2 • Group 17 – 7; gain 1 • Group 18 – 8; gain 0

  21. Concept: ElementsLEQ: How does an element’s location on periodic table relate to valence electrons? • Electron cloud structure • Lewis Dot structure

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