FORAGE SCIENCE Fac.of A nimal H usbandry Brawijaya U niversity

1. FORAGE SCIENCEFac.of Animal HusbandryBrawijaya University GRASS

2. Axonopus compressus P. Beauv. • Synonim: Paspalum compressum (Sw.) Nees, Paspalum platycaule Willd. ex Steud., Paspalum platycaulonPoir • Local name: Rumput pahitan Rumput karpet • Native: USA (south east part), Indonesia, West India, African Tropics

3. Description • Perennial plant, spreading by stolon • often used as a permanent pasture, ground cover and turfin moist, low fertility soils, particularly in shaded situations. • It is generally too low growing to be useful in cut-and-carry systems or for fodder conservation

4. Axonopus compressus P. Beauv.

5. Adaptation • Grow well on tropical and sub-tropical area with high humidity • Prefer to grow well on sandy land or clay land which rich of humus • Planting at 25 x 25 cm in lenght (tillers)

6. Brachiaria decumbens Stapf. • Synonim: Brachiaria eminii Brachiaria bequaertii • Local name: Rumput Signal • Native: Uganda, Africa

7. Description • Perennial grass, A stoloniferous base and roots developing from the lower nodes producing a dense sward • The erect stems arise from a long stoloniferousbase • The leaflet color: dark green with smooth hair • At first time the growth of grass is so hard but after this hard to control • To control, should be cut or by grazing (stocked heavily)

8. Brachiaria decumbens Stapf.

9. Adaptation • a grass of the wet tropics, but it has good drought tolerance and is adapted to a dry season of four or five months. • However, it prefers 1,500 mm or more of rain. • It does not do well where the dry season is more than five months, butis more productive than Brachiariamutica in the late dry season.

10. Adaptation • Responsive to the addition of N fertilizer and heavy grazing • It can grow well at slope land, pH 6-7 • Show rapid regrowth and good persistence under heavy or frequent defoliation

11. Brachiaria mutica Stapf. • Synonim: Panicum muticum Forsk. P. purpurascens Raddi. • Local name: Rumput Para • Native: African Tropics

12. Description • A short-culmed, stoloniferous perennial up to 200 cm high with long, hairy leaf-blades about 16 mm wide. • Panicle 10-20 cm long with solitary racemose or compound branches and glabrous, acute, irregularly multiseriate spikelets 3-3.5 mm long (Napper, 1965).

13. Brachiaria mutica Stapf.

14. Adaptation • Distribution tropical areas of Africa and America, now introduced into most tropical countries. • Season of growth: A summer perennial. • Altitude range: Sea-level to 1 000 m. • Adapted to high-rainfall tropical and subtropical conditions, but in protected areas it can persist with rainfall as low as 900 mm per year. • It usually tolerates general drought by reason of its specific swampy environment, being maintained by the residual moisture from the wet season. • It prefers alluvial and hydromorphic soils but will grow on a wide range of moist soil types.

15. Brachiaria ruziziensis R. Germ. and C.M. Evrard • Synonim: Urochloa ruziziensis (R. Germ. and C.M. Evrard) Crins. • Local name: Rumput ruzi • Native: Congo, Kenya, and Africa

16. Description • Late flowering perennial similar to B. decumbens, but with the lower glume distant from the rest of the spikelet. • Light-green broad hairy leaves and flowers. • Cultivated in the humid tropics for pasture

17. Brachiaria ruziziensis

18. Adaptation • Requires light to loam soils of moderately high fertility (pH 5.0–6.8) and cannot tolerate strongly acid conditions • For the lowlands and up to 2,000 m in the humid tropics, with a minimum of 1,200 mm AAR. • It can tolerate a dry season of 4 months but will die out in extended dry conditions.  • Having poor tolerance to flooding, it thrives best on well-drained soils • It can stand moderately heavy grazing and requires high levels of fertilizing to persist under frequent cutting. Responsive to N addition

19. Cenchrus ciliaris L. • Synonim: Pennisetum cenchroides Rich. P. ciliare (L.) Link. • Local name: Rumput buffel • Native: India, Indonesia, African Tropics

20. Cenchrus ciliaris L.

21. Description • tufted (sometimes shortly rhizomatous) perennial, with types ranging in habit from ascendant to erect, and branching culms from about 0.3-2.0 m at maturity. • sometimes hairy at the base • Deep, strong, fibrous root system to >2 m.

22. Adaptation • oftenoccurs in the wild on sandy soils, but is also well adapted to deep, freely draining sandy loam, loam, clay loam,and red earth soils. • itmost drought tolerant of the commonly sown grasses, • It occursnaturally in areas with average annual rainfall from as low as 100 mm up to about 1,000 mm, but most commonly between 300 and 750 mm • Verytolerant of regular cutting or heavy grazing.

23. Cynodon dactylon • Synonim: Panicum dactylon, Capriola dactylon Local name: Rumput Gerinting Rumput Bermuda • Native: India

24. Cynodon dactylon

25. Description • A variable perennial, • creeping by means of stolons and rhizomes, • eight to 40 culms, (rarely) to 90 cm high: leaves hairy or glabrous

26. Adaptation • It has been introduced to all tropical and subtropical, and some temperate regions of the world. • Grows on a wide range of soils, but best in relatively fertile, well-drained soils. • Usually occurs over an average annual rainfall range of 625-1,750 mm, but down to 550 mm, and up to 4,300 mm.

27. Cynodon plectostachyus (K. Schum.) Pilger • Synonim: Leptochloa plectostachyus K. Schum. • Local name: Rumput Afrika (African Star Grass) • Native: East Africa

28. Cynodon plectostachyus

29. Description • A largely robust, sometimes fine, stoloniferous (non-rhizomatous), deep-rooted group of perennials. • It is tolerant of heavy grazing.

30. Adaptation • Grow on a wide range of soil types from sands to heavy clays • It grows in areas with an average annual rainfallbetween about 500 and 800 mm

31. Digitaria decumbens Stent. • Local name: Pangola grass • Native: South Africa African Tropics

32. Description • A stoloniferous perennial • Having the culms much branched, usually decumbent, and often rooting from the lower nodes • Height around 100 cm

33. Adaptation • Pangola grass will grow over a wide range of soils on wet sands or heavy clays and at low fertility levels. • It will survive droughts fairly well if established, but will not be productive • Once pangola grass is established it spreads very rapidly by stolons. • . It does not produce viable seeds.

34. Eleusine indica (L.) Gaertn. • Local name: Rumput lulangan Rumput jukut Rumput jampang

35. Eleusine indica

36. Description • Perennial grass, 30-60 cm tall • It has a particularly tough root system and is hard to pull out

37. Adaptation • Distribution: tropical and subtropical regions • It can be made into coarse hay and silage

38. Hypharrhenia rufa (Nees) Stapf. • Synonim: Trachypogon rufus Nees; Andropogon rufus (Nees) Kunth (Wagner et al.1999) • Local name: Rumput jaragua • Native: Africa

39. Hypharrhenia rufa

40. Adaptation • It survives well into drought • Good ­ on retentive soils withstands a dry season of six months Description • A very variable perennial from 60-240 cm high • The flowering stems have little leaf

41. Leersia hexandra Swartz. • Local name: Rumput Benta Jukut lambeta Rico grass

42. Leersia hexandra Swartz.

43. Description Adaptation • Distribution: throughout the tropics and subtropics. • It survives well into drought until the swamps dry out • Stoloniferous perennial • It makes quite good hay but is difficult to harvest from swamps and is usually cut when swamps dry out

44. Melinis minutiflora Beauv. • Synonim: Melinis tenuinervis StapfPanicum melinis Trin.Panicum minutiflorum (P. Beauv.) Raspail • Local name: Rumput Molasses • Native: African Tropics

45. Melinis minutiflora Beauv.

46. Description • Tufted perennial up to 150 cm high, often sticky, with a characteristic odour of molasses or cumin. • fertile culms erect or geniculatelyascending • Inflorescence a panicle 10-30 cm long, with racemes initially appressed, spreading to present a pale pink to purple plume effect at anthesis • Seedling vigour: Excellent. It establishes quickly

47. Adaptation • It needs moderate to high rainfall in excess of 750 mm. The normal range is 960 to 1 706 mm (Russell & Webb, 1976). • Relatively drought-hardy over a dry season of four to five months. • It is tolerant to soils of fairly low fertility. • When mature it will burn so fiercely that its own seeds and roots are killed

48. Panicum maximum Jacc. • Synonim: Megathyrsus maximus (Jacq.) B.K. Simon & S.W.L. JacobsUrochloa maxima (Jacq.) R.D.WebsterPanicum hirsutissimumSteud • Local name: Rumput Benggala Rumput Guinea • Native: Africa Indian Ocean Asian

49. Panicum maximum Jacc.

50. Description • A tufted perennial, often with a shortly creeping rhizome, variable 60-200 cm high • panicle 12- 40 cm long, open spikelets 3-3.5 mm long, obtuse, mostly purple red, glumes unequal, the lower one being one-third to one-fourth as long as the spikelet