The History of Everything

1. Summed Up in About 10 Minutes The History of Everything

2. The Beginning of the Universe • The Big Bang occurs and the universe is formed • The universe continually expands, as matter cools galaxies of stars and planets form • Thought to be about 13.7 billion years ago

3. The Milky Way Galaxy Forms • About 13.2 billion years go • Today consists of 200-400 million stars • Probably at least 10 billion planets considered a livable distance from a sun

4. The Sun forms • About 4.57 billion years • A supernova causes shockwaves which forces clouds of gas together • It’s incredible mass and gravity cause fusion reactions to occur- releasing lots of light and heat

5. The Earth Forms • About 4.54 billion years ago • Leftover gases and dusts come together forming planets • Only took 10-20 million years • Moon forms about 4.53 billion years ago

6. The Early Earth • Had no oxygen • Was very hot and molten, but slowly began to cool • Volcanoes spewed gases into the air, forming a primitive atmosphere • Meteor/asteroid strikes were common

7. The Oceans form • About 4.4 billion years ago • The earth had cooled enough for water to condense • Thought to be where life first began

8. Complex molecules form • UV radiation and lightening hitting simple gases was able to form complex molecules like: • Nucleotides • Proteins • Carbohydrates • Proved to be possible – we can do this in a lab! • Some alien molecules landed with asteroids?????

9. We really don’t know, but believe it was about 3.5-3.9 billion years ago This is where things get very hypothetical, there are a few models, each which have some evidence supporting them and some flaws This is NOT ADDRESSED by Darwin or Evolution And Life Began by….

10. Self-replicating molecules must have formed • Thought to possibly be RNA? • Metabolism must have evolved • First life could manipulate its environment? • Membranes must have evolved • Lipids were first form of life? • Some combination of above 3? • Clay model? The Basics of Extremely Complicated Theories

11. The Universal Common Ancestor • There is strong evidence that all life shares a single common ancestor • Evidence also suggests that it was a heterotrophic prokaryote • No organelles, no photosynthesis

12. Features of the LUCA found in everything • Last Universal Common Ancestor • DNA as code • RNA as code carrier • Ribosomes as protein factories • Amino acids/proteins • Cell membranes

13. Photosynthesis evolved • In bacteria-like simple organisms about 3.3 billion years ago • Produced oxygen which led to the ozone layer • Also led to the evolution of aerobic cellular respiration

14. Eukaryotes Evolved • About 1.5-2.1 billion years ago • At some point we think one cell engulfed a photosynthetic bacteria – forming a cell with a chloroplast • Same thing happened to create mitochondria

15. Multi-cellular organisms evolve • About 1 billion years ago • Probably has happened several times • Colonies of single cells came together??

16. Animals evolve • About 600 million years ago in water • Simple sponge-like creatures

17. Plants come to land • About 475 million years ago • Provide food on land • Insects follow about 75 million years later

18. Amphibians come to land • About 350 million years ago • A population of fish was able to survive on land for longer and longer periods of time over many generations

19. The first mammals evolve • About 200 million years ago (about 100 million years after reptiles, 50 million years before birds, 70 million years before flowers) • Were around with the dinosaurs

20. Primates evolve • About 55 million years ago • Thought to be small, the size of a squirrel

21. Homo genus evolves • About 2.5 million years ago • Which exact species are the ancestor not well understood

22. Humans evolve • About 200,000 years ago • About 0.004% of Earth’s existence, 0.005% of the time life has existed, and 0.03% of the time animals have existed • We have been around for a very short time (relatively)

23. Timeline

24. The entire human existence is a blink of an eye