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21 - Adulthood: Cognitive Development

21 - Adulthood: Cognitive Development. What is intelligence?. Spearman’s “G” General intelligence One basic trait Inferred from vocabulary, memory, & reasoning. Age & Intelligence. IQ – Once thought to decline after age 20

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21 - Adulthood: Cognitive Development

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  1. 21 - Adulthood: Cognitive Development

  2. What is intelligence? • Spearman’s “G” • General intelligence • One basic trait • Inferred from vocabulary, memory, & reasoning

  3. Age & Intelligence • IQ – Once thought to decline after age 20 • Now thought to raise throughout adulthood (20 – 50) and declinesat age 60, or 70, or 80. • Seattle longitudinal study • People improve during adulthood and decline later in life.

  4. Components of Intelligence

  5. Two clusters (Cattell) • Fluid intelligence • Quick and flexible • Provides easy learning • Good working memory & abstract thought • Decreases during adulthood • Crystallized intelligence • Accumulated learning • Vocabulary - Language • Increases during adulthood

  6. Three forms (Sternberg) • Analytic intelligence • Book smarts • Remembering things in high school and college • Valued in emerging adulthood • Creative intelligence • Flexible • Imaginative thinking • Not standard or conventional • Practical intelligence • Street smarts

  7. Age & culture • Analytic valued in high school and college • Creative valued for new challenges • Practical valued during adulthood

  8. Selective gains and losses

  9. Selective Optimization with compensation • People select what they want to focus on • E.g. Pediatric nursing (Selection) • People compensate for aging or other difficulties • E.g. Wear glasses or increase type size on computer (Compensation) • Build their nursing expertise (Optimization)

  10. Expert Cognition (Thinking)

  11. Selective expert • Intelligence increases in areas of interest • Everyone has more skill and knowledge than others in what they are interested in

  12. “Expert” • E.g. Brain surgeon • More skilled and knowledgeable than novices

  13. Characteristics of Expert Cognition (Thinking) • Intuitive • Rely on past experience • More intuitive, less Stereotypical • Knows when to bend formal procedures and rules • E.g. “Gut feeling” that this is what to do • Automatic • Thinking without deliberate, conscious thought • E.g. Driving • Process most tasks automatically • Saving conscious thought for unfamiliar challenges

  14. Characteristics of Expert cognition (Thinking) - Cont. • Strategic • Better strategies handling unexpected problems • Flexible • Being creative and flexible when needed. • Example = “The miracle on the Hudson” Flight

  15. Expertise and age • Expertise needs time, training, ability and practice to develop • Expertise can overcome some effects of age • Experienced adults often use selective optimization with compensation • Seattle study • Intellectual functioning can increase if older adults do paid work that is intellectually stimulating

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