Marketing Research

1. Marketing Research Aaker, Kumar, Day Eighth Edition Instructor’s Presentation Slides Marketing Research 8th Edition Aaker,Kumar,Day

2. Chapter Twenty One Factor and Cluster Analysis Marketing Research 8th Edition Aaker,Kumar,Day

3. Factor Analysis • Technique that serves to combine questions or variables to create new factors Purpose • To identify underlying constructs in the data • To reduce the number of variables to a more manageable set Marketing Research 8th Edition Aaker,Kumar,Day

4. Factor Analysis (Contd.) Methodology Two commonly employed factor analytic procedures Principal Component Analysis • Used when the need is to summarize information in a larger set of variables to a smaller set of factors Common Factor Analysis • Used to uncover underlying dimensions surrounding the original variables Marketing Research 8th Edition Aaker,Kumar,Day

5. Factor Analysis (Contd.) Principal Component Analysis • The objective of factor analysis is to represent each of these variables as a linear combination of a smaller set of factors • This can be represented as X1 = I11F1 + I12F2 + e1 X2 = I21F1 + I22F2 + e2 . . Xn = in1f1 + in2f2 + en • Where X1, ... xn represent standardized scores F1,F2 are the two standardized factor scores I11, i12,....I52 are factor loadings E1,...E5 are error variances Marketing Research 8th Edition Aaker,Kumar,Day

6. Factor Analysis (Contd.) Factor • A variable or construct that is not directly observable but needs to be inferred from the input variables Eigenvalue Criteria • Represents the amount of variance in the original variables that is associated with a factor Scree Plot Criteria • A plot of the eigenvalues against the number of factors, in order of extraction. Marketing Research 8th Edition Aaker,Kumar,Day

7. Factor Analysis (Contd.) Percentage of Variance Criteria • The number of factors extracted is determined so that the cumulative percentage of variance extracted by the factors reaches a satisfactory level Significance Test Criteria • Statistical significance of the separate eigenvalues is determined, and only those factors that are statistically significant are retained Marketing Research 8th Edition Aaker,Kumar,Day

8. Factor Analysis (Contd.) Factor Scores • Values of each factor underlying the variables Factor Loadings • Correlations between the factors and the original variables Marketing Research 8th Edition Aaker,Kumar,Day

9. Factor Analysis (Contd.) Communality • The amount of the variable variance that is explained by the factor Factor Rotation • Factor analysis can generate several solutions for any data set. Each solution is termed a particular factor rotation and is generated by a particular factor rotation scheme Marketing Research 8th Edition Aaker,Kumar,Day

10. Factor Analysis (Contd.) How Many Factors? • Rule of Thumb • All included factors (prior to rotation) must explain at least as much variance as an "average variable" • Eigenvalues Criteria • Eigenvalue represents the amount of variance in the original variables associated with a factor • Sum of the square of the factor loadings of each variable on a factor represents the eigen value • Only factors with eigenvalues greater than 1.0 are retained Marketing Research 8th Edition Aaker,Kumar,Day

11. Factor Analysis (Contd.) Scree Plot Criteria • Plot of the eigenvalues against the number of factors in order of extraction • The shape of the plot determines the number of factors Percentage of Variance Criteria • Number of factors extracted is determined when the cumulative percentage of variance extracted by the factors reaches a satisfactory level Marketing Research 8th Edition Aaker,Kumar,Day

12. Factor Analysis (Contd.) Common Factor Analysis • The factor extraction procedure is similar to that of principal component analysis except for the input correlation matrix • Communalities or shared variance is inserted in the diagonal instead of unities in the original variable correlation matrix Marketing Research 8th Edition Aaker,Kumar,Day

13. Cluster Analysis • Technique that serves to combine objects to create new groups • Used to group variables, objects or people • The input is any valid measure of correlations between objects, such as • Correlations • Distance measures (Euclidean distance) • Association coefficients • Also, the number of clusters or the level of clustering can be input Marketing Research 8th Edition Aaker,Kumar,Day

14. Cluster Analysis (Contd.) Hierarchical Clustering • Can start with all objects in one cluster and divide and subdivide them until all objects are in their own single-object cluster Non-hierarchical Approach • Permits objects to leave one cluster and join another as clusters are being formed Marketing Research 8th Edition Aaker,Kumar,Day

15. Hierarchical Clustering Single Linkage • Clustering criterion based on the shortest distance Complete Linkage • Clustering criterion based on the longest distance Average Linkage • Clustering criterion based on the average distance Marketing Research 8th Edition Aaker,Kumar,Day

16. Hierarchical Clustering (Contd.) Ward's Method • Based on the loss of information resulting from grouping of the objects into clusters (minimize within cluster variation) Centroid Method • Based on the distance between the group centroids (the centroid is the point whose coordinates are the means of all the observations in the cluster) Marketing Research 8th Edition Aaker,Kumar,Day

17. Non-hierarchical Clustering Sequential Threshold • Cluster center is selected and all objects within a prespecified threshold is grouped Parallel Threshold • Several cluster centers are selected and objects within threshold level are assigned to the nearest center Optimizing • Modifies the other two methods in that the objects can be later reassigned to clusters on the basis of optimizing some overall criterion measure Marketing Research 8th Edition Aaker,Kumar,Day

18. Number of Clusters Determination of the appropriate number of clusters can be done in one of the four ways • The number of clusters can be specified by the analyst in advance • The levels of clustering can be specified by the analyst in advance • The number of clusters can be determined from the pattern of clusters generated in the program • The ratio of within-group variance and the between-group variance an be plotted against the number of clusters. The point at which a sharp bend occurs indicates the number of clusters Marketing Research 8th Edition Aaker,Kumar,Day