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Mental health

Mental health. Normality : Patterns of thoughts, feeling and behaviour that conforms to usual, typical or expected standards. It is recognised what is considered ‘usual’ or ‘typical’ or ‘expected standard’ depends on many different factors. Approaches to defining Normality. 1. SOCIO-CULTURAL

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Mental health

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  1. Mental health

  2. Normality: Patterns of thoughts, feeling and behaviour that conforms to usual, typical or expected standards. • It is recognised what is considered ‘usual’ or ‘typical’ or ‘expected standard’ depends on many different factors.

  3. Approaches to defining Normality 1. SOCIO-CULTURAL • Behaviour that is accepted in a particular society or culture, but not in others 2. HISTORICAL • Behaviour that is accepted, however it depends on the period of time. 3. SITUATIONAL • Behaviour that is accepted in a particular situation 4. MEDICAL • Abnormal behaviour has a biological cause and can be diagnosed and treated 5. FUNCTIONAL • Normal behaviour is if the individual can function effectively in society

  4. The bell or ‘normal’ curve 6. STATISTICAL Normal behaviour is if the individual fits into the statistical averages and is not a statistical extremity.

  5. Abnormal? By which measure?

  6. Abnormal? By Which measure?

  7. Abnormal? By Which measure?

  8. Abnormal? By Which measure?

  9. Abnormal? By Which measure?

  10. Normal? Statistically? China's BaoXishun, stands at 2.36 metres (seven feet 8.95 inches)

  11. Normal? Statistically? • Manuel Uribe Garza currently resides in Mexico. He weighs about 552.3 kg.

  12. Normal? Statistically?

  13. So is normality conformity???

  14. Abnormality – a working definition • Abnormality – pattern of thoughts feelings and behaviours that are deviant, distressing and dysfunctional. Serial killer Ted Bundy fits our definition of abnormality

  15. Mental health Vs mental illness • Mental health – Capacity to interact with others, cope effectively with problems and stress.

  16. Mental illness– Psychological dysfunction that usually involves impairment in coping ability, distresswith thoughts feelings and/or behaviours that areatypicaland inappropriate within their culture • Psychological dysfunction – breakdown in everyday functioning (cognitive, behavioural, emotional) • Impairment - inability to cope with everyday life • Distress – feeling upset anxious or unhappy • Atypical – Not typical from that individual

  17. The biopsychosocial framework Mental and physical health and wellbeing depends on a combination of biological, social and psychological factors

  18. Systems of classification of mental disorders • Classification – organising items into groups based on their shared characteristics • Categorical approaches – organises mental disorders into categories, each with specific symptoms and characteristics. (DSM and ICD) • Yes or no? • Dimensional approaches – classifies symptoms quantitatively on a continuum (Graded and transitional) • How much?

  19. Categorical approaches

  20. Categorical approaches - assumptions • Assumes that mental disorders can be diagnosed from specific symptoms reported by the patient or observed by the professional • Thoughts feelings and behaviours can be categorised – certain categorisation relates to specific disorders • There are distinct sub categories within each disorder • All or nothing – they either have it or they don’t. You cant kind of have schizophrenia • The system assumed to be valid and reliable

  21. The diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders iv-r • The system most widely used by mental health professionals throughout the world to identify and classify mental illnesses for the purposes of diagnosis is the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, or the DSM as it is more commonly called • An important feature of the DSM-IV-TR is that it does not suggest causes of specific disorders unless a cause can be definitely established • It simply names the disorders anddescribes them in specific terms

  22. The diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders iv-r • 365 disorders comprehensively described (one for every day of the year!) • Axis I: Clinical disorders • Axis II:personality disordersandmental retardation • Axis III: General medical conditions • Axis IV: Psychosocial and environmental problems • Axis V: Global assessment of functioning

  23. Multi-axial evaluation

  24. ICD – 10 • Diagnosis and classification of mental disorders based on recognised symptoms • Includes detailed description of each disorder listed • The original text covered all of medical practice • Chapter V covered mental disorders • Chapter V now printed as a separate book • Less detailed than the DSM -IV

  25. Strengths and Weaknesses of categorical approaches

  26. Dimensional approaches

  27. Dimensional approaches • Quantifies persons symptoms and other characteristics with numerical values. • A dimension viewed as a cluster of related psychological/behavioural characteristics that occur together

  28. TRANSITIONAL: A symptom can be a varying in degree along a continuum. Clinicians can monitor this transition over time. • GRADING: A clinician can rate the severity of a symptom or disorder by allocating a grade.

  29. THE EPQ-R

  30. Strengths and Weaknesses of dimensional approaches

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