Plant and Animal Cells

1. Plant and Animal Cells SNC2D0

2. What is the Difference Between: • A human and a rock? • A human is alive • What does it mean to be alive? • What similarities do plants have with animals and bacteria?

3. What Makes Something Living? • Metabolism • Turn energy into cellular components • Break down organic chemicals • Homeostasis • Regulation of internal environment (eg: temperature) • Adaptation • Ability to change over time in response to the environment • Growth • The parts of the living thing constantly grow • Response to stimuli • Respond to their environment • Eg: plants grow towards light • Reproduction • Produce new organisms • Organization • Composed of cells

4. Cells • What are cells? • Cells are: • The simplest units of life, of which all living things are composed • Cells were discovered by Robert Hooke in 1665 • He viewed cork through a microscope

5. Cork Cells

6. Living Cells

7. Cell Theory • All living things are made of cells • Cells are the basic building blocks of life • New cells come from pre-existing cells (through division)

8. Types of Cells • There are two main types of cells • Prokaryote • Simple cells • Do not contain nuclei • Bacteria • Eukaryote • Complex cells • Contain nuclei • Plants and animals have eukaryote cells

9. Eukaryote Cell Structure

10. Plasma Membrane • All eukaryote cells are contained within a membrane • Plants, animals, and everything else • Flexible material • Keeps cell contents within the cell • Selectively allows certain materials into or out of the cell • Waste goes out • Food, oxygen, water, etc comes in

11. Cytoplasm • Cytoplasm consists of all the cell contents • Made of two key parts: • Cytosol • A jelly-like fluid (mostly water) • Chemicals are transferred through it • Chemical reactions occur here • Organelles • Specialized organs of the cell

12. Organelles - Nucleus • Nucleus • The “control center” of the cell • Consists of several parts • Nuclear membrane • Surrounds the nucleus, similar to the cell membrane • Contains pores • Nucleolus • Manufactures ribosomes (an organelle) • Chromatin • An assembly of chromosomes (DNA) • Codes for the production of proteins in the cytosol

13. DNA • Deoxyribonucleic Acid • Genetic information • Heredity – to pass traits from one cell to its offspring • DNA codes for the production of proteins • For chemical signaling between cells • For enzymes to mediate biological reactions (eg: metabolism) • Since the DNA codes for protein production it controls the functions of the cell

14. Eukaryote Cell Structure

15. Organelles - Ribosomes • Ribosomes are used to produce proteins • They receive the signals from the nucleus and use them to correctly construct proteins • Are sometimes attached to endoplasmic reticulum (E.R.)

16. Eukaryote Cell Structure

17. Organelles – Endoplasmic Reticulum • Endoplasmic Reticulum • Branched tubules attached to nucleus • Come extend out into the cell • Can be either smooth or rough • Rough E.R. have ribosomes attached to it

18. Organelles – Endoplasmic Reticulum • Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum • Ribosomes produce proteins here • The E.R. serves as a transport mechanism for the proteins • Proteins can move through the E.R. to get to other sections of the cell • Sections of the E.R. can break off as vesicle to surround proteins and transport them further through the cell • Often to the Golgi body

19. Organelles – Endoplasmic Reticulum • Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum • No ribosomes are attached • Certain chemicals are: • Created here • Stored here • Transport from here to other sections of the cell through vesicles

20. Eukaryote Cell Structure

21. Organelles – Golgi Body • Golgi Body (or Golgi Complex) • Small pancake-like structure • Used to chemically modify certain chemicals and proteins • Vesicles deliver proteins/chemicals • Golgi body changes them to the desired structure • Modified chemicals are transported out of the Golgi body via vesicles to their desired location

22. Eukaryote Cell Structure

23. Organelles - Mitochondria • Mitochondria (singular: mitochondrion) are the “power centers” of the cell • They make the usable energy ATP for the cell • ATP stands for adenosine triphosphate • Many of the reactions that turn food into energy (ATP) occur in the mitochondria • Cellular Respiration glucose + oxygen  carbon dioxide + water + ATP • Mitochondria are the only organelle (other than the nucleus) that contains DNA

24. Organelles - Vacuole • Vacuole • Storage sacs in the cell • Vacuoles can contain different materials, depending on the type of cell • Food • Waste • Water, etc... • Vacuoles can be drastically different sizes • Very small in animal cells • Very large in plant cells

25. Animal vs. Plant • Animal cells and plant cells have some slight differences in organelles • Animal cells: • Lysosomes • Centrioles • Plant cells: • Cell wall • chloroplasts

26. Animal Cell Structure

27. Animal Organelles • Lysosomes • Similar to a vacuole • Contains destructive enzymes • Can break down old organelles, or even the whole cell • Centrioles • Used during cell division • Produce spindle fibre to help separate DNA

28. Plant Cell Structure

29. Plant Organelles • Cell Wall • A rigid structure surrounding the cell membrane • Made of cellulose, which is a long molecule made up of sugar • Chloroplasts • Contain chlorophyll • Photosynthesis happens here Water + carbon dioxide + light  glucose + oxygen • Vacuole • Very large water-filled sacs • Used to keep the cell pressing firmly on the cell wall

30. Structure – Function Taboo • For this game you need a partner • Have one partner face the board • The other will but their back to the board • The partner facing the board must make their partner guess the keywords • You CANNOT say ANY of the words on the board

31. Round 1 Ribosome Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum Nuclear Membrane Eukaryote Golgi Body Chloroplasts Nucleolus Lysosomes

32. Round 2 Cell membrane Prokaryote Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum Chromatin Vacuole Mitochondrion Centrioles Cell Wall

33. Homework • Pg 32 # 1 – 8