Restoration and the Eighteenth Century 1660-1800

1. Restoration and the Eighteenth Century1660-1800

2. In the Shadow of Elizabeth • After James I, his weak son Charles I came to throne, but the Puritans and their parliamentary party had gained power. • By 1642 England was embroiled in civil war between the parliamentary party and the Royalists. • Charles I was Beheaded by Parliament as they took over England under the rule of Oliver Cromwell—not royalty but a military and political strategist who eventually tore up the constitution and became a dictator.

3. The Players Charles I Elizabeth I James I Oliver Cromwell Charles II

4. The Growth of the United States • People poured from England and Europe to North America • Freedom of Religion • Ambition—money to be made in furs, tobacco, logging for the building of ships • Transporting Africans for use as slave labor.

5. Defeated and Exhausted • By 1660 England was utterly exhausted by 20 years of civil war. • By 1700 it had lived through a devastating plague and a fire that had left more than 2/3 of Londoners homeless.

6. Not England • By the end of the 18th century, England had transformed itself. • Some say they had nowhere to go but up. • Again there was a return to classical learning and a restoration of order.

7. What is meant by Restoration? • In 1660 the Anglican Church was restored as the official Church of England and King Charles II was restored to power (after having been exiled to France, restoring the monarchy.) • They dug up Cromwell, beheaded him, then reburied him. • The monarchy was restored without shedding a drop of blood.

8. The Age of Reason and Enlightenment • Asking the How? People were changing their ways of viewing themselves and the world. • Natural phenomena were increasingly explained by scientific observation as people began to ask how things happened in the natural world.

9. Birth of Modern Prose • Under the influence of the Royal Society and John Dryden, English prose became more precise, exact, and plain. • Fewer metaphors, flowery language, etc.

10. Changes in Religion • The new science influenced religion: A movement called Deism viewed the universe as a perfect mechanism, which God had built and left to run on its own. • Pope’s Essay on Man • Sir Isaac Newton • Christianity but asking more and more scientific questions

11. Religion and Politics • Religion determined people’s politics. • King Charles II outlawed and persecuted all the various Puritan and Independent sects—dozens of them who all disagreed among themselves.

12. Bloodless Revolution • Charles II had no legal heir. • When he died in 1685 he was succeeded by his brother James II, a practicing Roman Catholic. Pressure was so great that he fled to France with his family in 1688. • James II was succeeded by his Protestant daughter Mary and her Dutch husband William of Orange. Ever since, the rulers of England have been, at least in name, Anglicans.

13. The New Players James II William and Mary

14. After the Restoration • Writers drew on “New Classical” style of Roman, Greek, and Latin models • Thinkers of this Age of Reason emphasized logic, scientific observation, factual explanation. These rational explanations affected some people’s religious views. • Literary tastes turned to wit and satire to expose excesses and moral corruption.

15. After the Restoration • In journalism, the periodical essay developed, commenting on public manners and values. • To satisfy the reading tastes of a developing middle class, writers began to experiment with long fictional narratives called novels. • Theaters closed by the Puritans reopened, and female actors were now included on the stage; drama during the Restoration period was witty, bawdy, and cynical.

16. After the Restoration • By the end of the period, the excesses of the rich and the onset of industrialization turned people’s tastes to an appreciation for nature and simplicity.

17. Major Ideas of the Era • Rationalism>>logical reasoning based on fact • Cosmology>>new world view based on Newtonian physics>analysis of natural phenomena as systems • Secularism>>application of scientific theories to religion and society • Scientific method>>experimentation, observation, hypothesis • Optimism>>anything is possible • Tolerance>>a greater acceptance of different societies and cultures • Mass education • Freedom • Reform

18. Fashion of the Period

19. The Seven Groups of English Society during this time • The Great, who live profusely • The Rich, who live very plentifully • The Middle Sort, who live well • The Working Trades, who labor hard, but feel no want • The Country People, farmers, etc., who fare indefferently • The Poor, that fare hard • The Miserable, that really pinch and suffer want. ---Daniel Defoe

20. Debtor’s Prison

21. The Age of Satire • Alexander Pope and Jonathon Swift (of aristocratic values) both used satire to expose the moral corruption and crass commercialism of the eighteenth-century England. • Artist William Hogarth shared many of their attitudes and ideas and expressed his satire through art. • Daniel Defoe stood for values that we think of as middle class—no interest in polished manners and social poise.

22. The Satirists

23. The Age of Journalism • As the middle class grew, journalists such as Defoe, Joseph Addison, and Richard Steele followed this new profession. • Saw themselves as “reformers of public manners and morals.”

24. Popular Taste • Like journalists of the day, writers like Pope and Swift aimed at reforming and educating their readers. • Pope in particular, however, was much too formal and classical in his style to draw a wide readership. These readers instead flocked to the novel.

25. First English Novels • Something new • Development of the middle class • Often broad and comical • Robinson Crusoe, by Defoe • Women were among the eager readers

26. Public Poetry • Poetry of the period was not private, intimate, or spontaneous; rather it was highly artificial and carefully crafted for public occasions. • Forms included: elegies for grand people, satire, odes.

27. The End of the Age • At the end of the century, as industrialization mushroomed, writers returned to nature and folk themes for inspiration.

28. Quiz – 10 Points Total • During this period, how was the United States beginning to grow? • What was the new movement that influenced religion in England? • What did literary tastes turn to during this time period? • Name AND explain one of the major ideas of the era that you took notes on yesterday. • What were the characteristics of the first English novel?

29. Types of Appeals • Logical Appeal: evidence such as facts or statistics to support a position. • Emotional Appeal: passages that use words that arouse strong feelings. • Ethical Appeal: passages that establish the writer’s qualifications and sincerity.

30. What is SATIRE? • A literary work that ridicules its subject through the use of techniques such as exaggeration, reversal, incongruity, and/or parody in order to make a comment or criticism about it.

31. Four Techniques of Satire • Exaggeration -To enlarge, increase, or represent something beyond normal bounds so that it becomes ridiculous and its faults can be seen. • Incongruity -To present things that are out of place or are absurd in relation to its surroundings.

32. Four Techniques Continued • Reversal -To present the opposite of the normal order (e.g., the order of events, hierarchical order). • Parody -To imitate the techniques and/or style of some person, place, or thing.

33. The Romantic Period 1798-1832 British Literature

34. Why “Romantic”? • The word romantic comes from the term romance, one of the most popular genres of Medieval Literature. • In this time period, writers went back to characteristics of romantic literature, because they thought it was more genuine.

35. The Industrial Revolution • England was the first nation in the world to experience the effects of industry. • Production switched to factories • City populations increased, which resulted in poor living conditions. • This led to rebellion by some, particularly the Romantics.

36. The Romantics • These individuals, writers and poets for our purposes, believed a change was necessary for England. • They believed in the powerful force of literature • Frustrated by England’s resistance to social and political change, the Romantics turned to private, spontaneous, lyrical poetry.

37. What does “Romantic” mean? • The term “romantic” comes from the romance genre of the Middle Ages (Sir Gawain and the Green Knight) • The Romantics saw this type of literature as more genuine and sincere

38. Characteristics of Romantic Lit. • A Child’s Sense of Wonder – fascination with youth and innocence. • Social Idealism – question tradition and authority to imagine better, fairer, and healthier ways to live (Idealism). • Adaptation to Change – acceptance to change rather than a rigid rejection of it.

39. Innocence vs. Experience • William Blake (1757-1827) • Published Songs of Innocence and Songs of Experience – while they were separate collections, they were published in one volume. • These collections were meant to show the “two contrary states of the human soul” • Innocence: a state of genuine love and naïve trust towards all humans accompanied by an unquestioning belief in Christian doctrine. • Experience: a profound disillusionment with human nature and society. One only sees cruelty and hypocrisy and is unable to imagine a way out.

40. What is Symbolism?

41. Comparing “Tyger” and “Lamb”

42. Tyger! Tyger! burning bright In the forests of the night, What immortal hand or eye Could frame thy fearful symmetry? In what distant deeps or skies Burnt the fire of thine eyes? On what wings dare he aspire? What the hand dare sieze the fire? And what shoulder, & what art. Could twist the sinews of thy heart? And when thy heart began to beat, What dread hand? & what dread feet? What the hammer? what the chain? In what furnace was thy brain? What the anvil? what dread grasp Dare its deadly terrors clasp? When the stars threw down their spears, And watered heaven with their tears, Did he smile his work to see? Did he who made the Lamb make thee? Tyger! Tyger! burning bright In the forests of the night, What immortal hand or eye Dare frame thy fearful symmetry?

43. Little Lamb, who made thee? Dost thou know who made thee? Gave thee life, and bid thee feed, By the stream and o'er the mead; Gave thee clothing of delight, Softest clothing, woolly, bright; Gave thee such a tender voice, Making all the vales rejoice? Little Lamb, who made thee? Dost thou know who made thee? Little Lamb, I'll tell thee, Little Lamb, I'll tell thee. He is called by thy name, For He calls Himself a Lamb. He is meek, and He is mild; He became a little child. I a child, and thou a lamb, We are called by His name. Little Lamb, God bless thee! Little Lamb, God bless thee!

44. Compare and Contrast Pre-Writing • What is the poem about? • How is the poem structured? How many stanzas are there? What is the rhyme scheme? Is repetition used? • What are some things or ideas that are symbolized in the poem? • Are there any other items that stand out in the poem? Alliteration? Simile? Metaphor? • What mood do you think the poet was in when he wrote the poem? • What are some unique ideas or parts of the poem?

45. William Wordsworth Italian Sonnet Study

46. Italian Sonnet Form • Also known as the Petrarchan sonnet… • Divided into two sections: One octave and one sestet. • Octave Rhyme Scheme: abbaabba • Sestet Rhyme Scheme: has two or three rhyming schemes arranged several ways: • c d c d c dc d d c d cc d e c d ec d e c e dc d c e d c

47. Italian Sonnet Continued… • A change from one rhyme group to another signifies a change in subject matter • At line 9 in an Italian sonnet, the change is called a VOLTA. • It is in the volta that the second idea of the sonnet is expressed.

48. Composed Upon the Westminster Bridge Earth has not anything to show more fair: Dull would he be of soul who could pass by A sight so touching in its majesty: This City now doth, like a garment, wear The beauty of the morning; silent, bare, Ships, towers, domes, theatres, and temples lie Open unto the fields, and to the sky; All bright and glittering in the smokeless air. Never did sun more beautifully steep In his first splendour, valley, rock, or hill; Ne'er saw I, never felt, a calm so deep! The river glideth at his own sweet will: Dear God! the very houses seem asleep; And all that mighty heart is lying still!

49. The World Is Too Much With Us THE world is too much with us; late and soon, Getting and spending, we lay waste our powers: Little we see in Nature that is ours; We have given our hearts away, a sordid boon! The Sea that bares her bosom to the moon; The winds that will be howling at all hours, And are up-gathered now like sleeping flowers; For this, for everything, we are out of tune; It moves us not.--Great God! I'd rather be A Pagan suckled in a creed outworn; So might I, standing on this pleasant lea, Have glimpses that would make me less forlorn; Have sight of Proteus rising from the sea; Or hear old Triton blow his wreathed horn.

50. Samuel Taylor Coleridge • A leader of the British Romantic movement • Known for concocting bizarre, unsettling stories full of fantastic imagery and magic • Coleridge is mostly known for the poems he wrote during his twenties – this is due to his declining health as he aged.