4 th Quarter Review

1. 4th Quarter Review Chapters 1-2

2. Township – page 11 for example 1. GPS- Global Positioning System – US has 24 satellites 2. Land Ordinance of 1785 3. Square 6 miles on each side, divided into 36 sections 1 mile by 1 mile 4. Each section is divided into quarter sections .5 mile by .5 mile or 160 acres

3. Place 1. Location - place name, site, situation, and mathematical location. a. Name- brand of geographical names in US – Jackpot, NV 1. EX: St. Petersburg – Leningrad b. Site- physical characteristics – climate, water, elevation, etc. c. Situation- location relating to other places d. Mathematical Location: exact location using latitude and longitude – pg 18-19 1. Latitude: parallels, scientific 2. Longitude: meridians, Greenwich, England. 2. Time: 360° - 15° for each time zone; moving eastward increases one hour.

4. Regions 1. Carl Sauer (1889-1975), an area of earth defined by 100 or more distinctive characteristics 2. Cultural landscape – cultural, economic and physical features. 3. People and their needs are the most important factor 4. Three Types of Regions: a. Formal – or uniform- everyone shares in 1 or more characteristics, languages, or economic activity 1. Montana – shared government, wheat belt 2. 2000-2004 elections – page 21 b. Functional – nodal region; area organized around a focal point – Wal Mart c. Vernacular Region – people believe exists as part of their identity. 5. Mental Map - internal representation of the earths surface e.g., the South Spatial Association 1. Factors with similar distribution a. Cancer rates with distribution of factories b. Can they afford medical care?

5. Formal and Functional Regions

6. Vernacular Region

7. Formal Region

8. Pages 30-41 Globalization of Economy 1. Scale: From local to global. Think and act both local and global, all scales are important! 2. Globalization involves the entire world and makes something worldwide in scope. 3. World is more uniform, integrated and interdependent. 4. Transnational corporations – does all business in many countries – GM 5. Globalization has led to more specialization at the local level based on resources 6. Corporations identify the assets at each location, has heightened economic differences a. Ex: labor (cheap) is abundant in some locations Global Culture 1. Produce uniform global landscapes of material artifacts and cultural values. a. McDonalds, Nike shoes and Starbucks 2. Cultured traits are threatened with extinction – communications like TV actually preserves some cultural diversity – satellite 3. Intolerance of others beliefs may result a. Afghanistan, Al Qaeda and the Taliban – veils and banning of TV

9. Connection 1. Space time compression – reduction in the time it takes for something to reach another place. a. Can be blocked by barriers like mountains and deserts 2. Spatial Interactions – when places are connected to each other through a network- e.g. computers. 3. Distance Decay – Contact diminishes with increasing distance; the farther away the groups are, the harder it is to interact. 4. Diffusion – Characteristics spread across space from 1 place to another a. Hearth – place from which an innovation originates. b. Relocation diffusion – spread of an idea through physical movement. 5. Expansion Diffusion – spread of a feature in a snowballing process. In 3 ways: a. Hierarchical – spread of an idea from persons to persons of other places. b. Contagious – RAPID spread – EX: AIDS. c. Stimulus – spread of an underlying principle, even though the characteristics itself fails to diffuse – Apple mouse

10. Diffusion of Culture and Economy 1. Centered on 3 hearth regions – N. America, Western Europe and Japan. 2. Command Centers – other jobs are economic sourced. 3. Uneven Development – gap between regions in the core, and periphery (outsourced) 4. Uneven Distribution of wealth because of hierarchical global business decisions and discriminations against women or minorities – countries that don’t educate women or allow them access to work.

11. Density of Baseball Teams

12. Pages 44-57 Key Issue: Where is the World’s Population Distributed? 1. Virtually all global population growth occurs least developed countries (LDC’s) 2. Geographers study population problems by first describing where they are 3. Not just overpopulation, but lack of resources 4. Demographers believe overpopulation will exceed food, space, and resources Concentrations 1. 2/3 of population is concentrated in 4 regions a. East Asia, South Asia, Southeast Asia and Western Europe 2. Most live near oceans or rivers, low-lying areas, w/ fertile soil and temperature climate. a. 2/3 of the world lives within 300 miles of an ocean b. All of these regions are in the Northern Hemisphere (10° - 50°)

13. Population Cartogram

14. Sparsely Populated Areas 1. Ecumene – permanent human settlement 2. ¾;’s of population on 5% of earth’s surface. Population Density 1. Number of people occupying an area of land. 2. Arithmetic Density – number of people divided by total land area. a. U.S. = 80/ sq. mi b. Bangladesh = 1,050 c. Canada = 3 d. Love County, TX = .03 3. Physiological Density – number of people supported with arable land a. US = 445/sq. mi. b. Egypt = 6,682 4. Relationship shows that high density means there is little arable land.  5. Agricultural Density – ratio of the number of farmers to the amount of arable land. 6. MDC’s have lower agricultural density – technology

15. Arithmetic Density

16. Key Issue: Where has the World’s Population Increased? 1. NIR – Subtract CDR from CBR after converting to percentages Ex. CDR = 20/1,000=2.0%; CBR= 5/1,000 = .5; 2.0-.5= 1.5= NIR 2. Right now NIR is 1.2 or 80 million added per year 3. Nearly 100% of NIR is in LDC’s; negative in Europe Doubling Time 1. Doubling time – # of years needed to double a population. 2. Rule of “70”- 70 divided NIR Ex. 70÷1.25= 56 years to double our 6.3 billion population 3. Most additional people live where they are least able to support them 4. TFR – number of kids a woman will have during child-bearing years. 5. IMR – number of deaths of infants under 1 year of age per 1,000 a. 100/1,000 in Africa – 10% of babies die before 1-year old 6. MDC = lower NIR, CDR, TFR, IMR, higher LE

17. Pages 57-67 Key Issue: Why is Population Increasing at Different Rates in Different Countries? Diverse local cultural and economic conditions produce different NIR, TFR, etc. The Demographic Transition Stage 1: Low growth 1. Agriculture Revolution – 8000 BCE-1750 – 5 mil to 800 million people 2. However, still stay in Stage 1 because of unpredictability of food supply Stage 2: High Growth 1. Every nation has moved to at least Stage 2 2. After 1750 – growth 10X faster. Growth 1750 .5 mil. to 1800 5 million 3. Cause – CDR drops while CBR stays the same raising NIR 4. Industrial revolution – wealth and more ford, better sanitation and medical care. 5. Medical Revolution – medical care spreads to LDC’s England

18. Stage 3: Moderate Growth 1. CBR drops sharply – pop. still grows because CBR is higher than CDR 2. Most of Africa remains in Stage 2 Stage 4: Low Growth 1. CBR declines until equal with CDR and NIR nears zero – ZPG 2. TFR of 2.1 produces ZPG – immigrants still create growth 3. Europe and US have ZPG 4. Women work instead of becoming homemakers; birth control, change in lifestyle Possible Stage 5 Negative population growth- CBR less than CDR Europe and North America are urging countries to reduce CBR

19. Population Pyramids 1. Shape determined by country CBR 2. 3 key age Groups – 0-14, 15-64, 65+ 3. Dependency Ratio – too young or old to work a. The larger this number the greater the burden on the country 4. Stage 2 =1/1; Stage 4 =1/2 ratio Cape Verde Chile

20. Declining Birth Rates 1. Malthus predictions didn’t happen – population growth has slowed a. 1990 – declined from 1.8 to 1.3 – LDC’s and MDC’s b. CBR declined worldwide form 27 to 22 2. 2 strategies for success with out reducing in CBR a. Economic – educate more women – choose to work before having kids b. Birth Control – family planning – lack of distribution – economics, religion, education 3. Best way to reduce births is both ways

21. AIDS 1. 95% of current patients and 99% of new cases occur in LDC’s 2. Sub-Saharan Africa: 10% of pop., 67% of HIV cases; 90% of world’s child cases 3. Botswana, Zimbabwe – 33% of adults have AIDS 4. LE has declined to the mid-30’s in Botswana, Lesotho, and Swaziland

22. % with HIV/AIDS

23. Chapter 3-4 Review Migration and Folk & Pop Culture

24. Key Issue 1: Why Do People Migrate? Reasons for migrating 1. Push/pull factors 2. Economic-most people migrate for jobs a. Construction, restaurant workers move to areas of rapid growth 3. Cultural and environmental migration a. Forced migration – slavery and political instability b. Ethnic – Bosnia, Rwanda refugees forced to migration and cannot go home. 4. In 2005 there were 33 million refugees. a. External – 2 largest groups- Palestinians and Afghans b. Internal – 2 largest – Sudan and Angola 5. Pull of freedom – democracy – Berlin Wall

25. Distance of Migration 1. Internal migration – permanent movement within a country a. Interregional – one region to another b. Intraregional – within one region (eg. Cities to suburbs) 2. International migration – permanent movement from one country to another a. Voluntary – chose to move for economic reasons b. Forced – compelled to move by cultural factors c. Migration transition – similar to demographic transition – due to economic/social changes d. Migration/international transition occurs in Stage 2 countries e. Internal in stages 3 and 4 Stage 1 – no need to move Stage 2 – people in rural areas move to cities; move internationally for economic reasons Stage 3 & 4 – movement is intraregional because of the destination of stage 2 migrants a. People from the cities to the suburbs

26. Key Issue 2: Where Are Migrants Distributed? Global Migration Patterns 1. Asia, Latin America, and Africa have net out migration a. Asia to Europe; N. America from Asia and Latin America b. USA has 35 million people born somewhere else; 50% from Latin America c. ¼ of Australians and 1/6 of Canadians are immigrants 2. LDC’s moving to MDC’s 3. Middle East has the most immigrants – jobs – UAE 74%; Kuwait 68%

27. Net Migration

28. Impacts of Immigration 1. Many of the problems around the world are due to Europeans drawing poor boundaries 2. Undocumented immigrants – without proper paperwork a. 9-12 million total b. 3.1 million are children who are US citizens c. 34% have been here more than 10 years d. 5% of the total labor force 3. Take jobs no one else wants – create a worker program? 4. Employers can be fined or jailed for hiring undocumented workers 5. ¼ are in CA; ¼ in TX or FL 6. Chain Migration – migration to places where others of the same nationality are. 7. South & West see the most – rapid growth and jobs

31. Brain Drain 1. Scientists, researchers, doctors, migrate to countries where they can earn a better living 2. Becomes a large-scale emigration of talented workers from LDC’s 3. 84% of college educated Haitians live abroad a. 47% in Ghana, 45% in Mozambique, 30% in other LDC’s

32. Key Issue 4: Why Do People Migrate Within a Country? Interregional Migration 1. US westward expansion – most famous internal migration 2. 1790 – pop. Center was Chesapeake Bay – settlement hindered by Appalachian’s 3. Large amount of land for cheap prices encouraged movement west a. Transportation – Erie Canal, steamship – diffusion 4. Pop. center moves 7 miles west per year after 1830 5. Slows to 3 miles per year 1880-1950 a. More people were settling between 98 meridian and California b. Diffusion – barbed wire, steel plow, windmills, well-drilling 6. 1950-1980 increases to 6 miles per year – pop center moves west of MS River 7. Since 1960, jobs have increased 5% in the South (3% elsewhere) a. Avg. incomes 20% lower in the South, however 8. Net migration is about zero between regions today a. Jobs increasing/decreasing at same rates everywhere

33. Urban to Suburban 1. Twice as many people move out of the cities compared to migrating in 2. Pulled by a suburban lifestyle a. House vs. apartment b. Private yard c. Garage d. Modern, safer schools 3. Better transportation provides access to jobs, shops, and recreation 4. Counterurbanization – net migration from urban to rural areas 5. People are lured by: a. Lifestyle – see above b. Better technology – shop online or by phone c. Children are grown and gone d. Higher income – can afford to live in suburbs e. Retirement 6. Found in late Stage 4 countries

34. U.S. Intraregional Migration in millions during the 1990s

36. Key Issue 1: Where Do Folk and Popular Cultures Originate and Diffuse? Origins 1. Folk – anonymous hearths 2. Popular – result of MDC’s – technology allows mass, uniform reproduction – CD’s, etc. 3. Folk Music – tells a story about daily life – 2697 BCE? 4. Pop Music – written by individual to be sold to many – 1900’s a. Music Hall – UK b. Vaudeville – US c. Japan, Russia, Poland – write songs in English d. Hip Hop – folk or pop music?

37. Diffusion of Folk/Pop Cultures 1. Local issues diffused rapidly through music and internal diffusion 2. Folk Culture diffuses more slowly from location to another, mostly by migration 3. Amish – 1600s in Switzerland; early 1700s moved to Pennsylvania a. Isolation helped retain traditional values b. Every son is given a farm when an adult – forced to move to KY – cheaper 4. Sports – hierarchical diffusion – folk custom then migrated – soccer/football a. 11th Century England – “Kick the Dane’s Head” b. Transfers from folk to pop culture in 1800s c. Clubs form in churches and provide leisure activity for workers d. 1863 – pro leagues – assoc becomes “soccer” e. Further diffusion through British Empire f. World Cup is most watched event in the world 5. Lacrosse- Iroquois Confederation of Six Nations – 1636? a. Bump hips to lacrosse – bishop’s crosier or staff

38. Food Attractions & Taboos 1. People may desire or avoid certain foods based on beneficial or harmful traits a. Abipone Indians in Paraguay – eat jaguars to make them strong, brave, swift 2. Refusal to eat certain plants or animals – negative forces or taboo a. Japan – avoid otters because they are forgetful b. Chad – avoid chicken or goat – help escape pain during childbirth 3. Hebrews cannot eat animals who don’t chew or have cloven feet or fish lacking fins or scales a. Pigs are used for sedentary farming and not nomadic – Kosher Laws b. Pigs will compete with humans for water, can’t work, provide milk or wool 4. Social values determine diet – different income + similar climate = different food a. Americans avoid insects despite nutritional value

39. Food 1. Pop culture typified by larger quantities of alcoholic beverages and snack foods a. High income and national advertising b. Southerners prefer pork rinds? Northerners prefer popcorn & chips? c. Texans prefer tortilla chips? 2. Wine – needs special soil, climate to grow grapes a. Moderately cold, rainy winters; long, hot summers b. Hillsides to maximize sunlight and drainage c. Taste determined by boron, manganese, or zinc in soil 3. Hindus and Muslims don’t drink alcohol a. Diffusion determined more on customs and less on environment

40. Key Issue 4: Why Does Globalization of Popular Culture Cause Problems? Loss of Traditional Values 1. Diffusion of pop culture may threaten the survival of folk culture & environment 2. Diffusion of pop culture from MDC’s to LDC’s spreads Western ideals 3. LDC’s adopt/imitate foreign symbols of success 4. Clothing – traditional vs. Western suits – symbol of authority and leadership. a. Muslims strongly oppose Western values – especially women’s rights.

41. Women 1. Subservience of women to men is a folk custom 2. Taliban – women couldn’t attend school, work outside the home, get health care, or drive a car a. Could leave home only if covered completely by clothing and escorted b. Beaten or shot if wearing nail polish, revealing her face, or walking alone 3. Increase in prostitution? Objects that money can buy

43. Modifying Nature 1. Pop culture – modify the environment for leisure or sale of products a. Golf courses 2. Pop culture wants a uniform landscape – “product recognition” a. Fast food – low costs to attract children b. People who move or travel – easy recognition 3. Japan – diffused electronics and cars where they look like all other products 4. Creates large demand large supply of natural resources a. Extinction of mink, lynx, kangaroo, whale? b. Demand is smaller in folk cultures c. 22 lbs of grain to produce 2.2 lbs of beef 5. Solid waste – more cans, paper, plastic, etc. 6. Only getting worse with the spread of pop culture