Energy and Matter

1. Energy and Matter When two rivers flow together, there’s usually a difference in water color that persists downstream of their confluence until the color of the large river comes to dominate. The color of each river is determined by many things: type and amount of vegetation in the watershed, geological properties, dissolved chemicals, suspended sediments and biologic content -- usually algae. http://epod.usra.edu/

2. Physical Geography in the news http://www.cbc.ca/news/technology/why-northern-lights-didn-t-dazzle-most-canadians-1.2491967 http://www.gi.alaska.edu/AuroraForecast/NorthAmerica/2014/01/09 http://www.cbc.ca/news/technology/climate-change-rattles-mental-health-of-inuit-in-labrador-1.2492180

3. Science shows us that the visible world is neither matter nor spirit; the visible world is the invisible organization of energy.” ~Heinz R. Pagels, Physicist

4. Energy Terms & Units Energy = the quality of an object that enables it to do “work”the ability to do work. Force = A push or pull that, acting alone causes a change in acceleration of the object on which it acts.

5. Units of Energy Joule (J) is the physical measurement of work. One joule equals the work needed to lift one kilogram (2.2 pounds) ten centimeters off the ground. It can also be used to measure heat energy. One kilocalorie (an older energy unit, equals 4.1868 kilojoules. Calorie is the amount of heat required to raise 1 gram of room-temperature (25°C) water 1 degree Celsius in temperature. 1 nutritional calorie = 1000 calories or 1 kilocalorie. Power is the work done divided by the time it takes to do it P = W/T

6. Units of Temperature 0°C = 273.15° K = 32°F 1°C = ( x°C +273.15)° K = [(9/5 * x°C) +32]°F

7. Different Forms of Energy Kinetic (KE) = energy of motion; the ability of a mass to do work. KE = 1/2 (mass * velocity2) Potential (PE) = energy a system possesses if it is capable of doing work, but is not doing work now. -Includes: gravitational, elastic, chemical, electrical, magnetic, nuclear, thermal.

8. Forms of Energy Gravitational PE = energy associated with the position of a mass in a gravitational field, energy stored by virtue of its position GravE = weight * height

10. The Law of conservation of Energy Energy cannot be created or destroyed; it can be transformed from one form to another but the total amount of energy never changes. Efficiency: Although energy may not be destroyed, it can become inefficient -- I.e., is not easily used or available to do work.

11. Matter Whatever occupies space & is perceptible to the senses; made up of atoms; matter can be in the form of solids liquids or gases

12. Atom: Fundamental building blocks for all matter. The smallest representative sample of an element Element: A chemical substance made from a single type of atom that cannot be broken down any further and still maintain its identity as that element Molecule: Any collection of two or more atoms bound together. Molecules are the smallest part of any substance that has all the chemical properties of that substance.

13. The Epic Story

16. Atomic structure Electron Nucleus Proton Neutron

17. Electron is a tiny negatively charged particle that circles in orbits around the positively charged nucleus of an atom. Nucleus The small, massive central part of an atom; it is made up of elementary particles that are even smaller Proton Positively charged nuclear particle. The atomic number of an atom is the number of protons, or units of positive charge, in the nucleus. If the atom is neutral the atomic number is also equivalent to the number of electrons. Neutron Electrically neutral nuclear particle, approximately equal in mass to a proton. The mass number is approximately equal to the total number of protons and neutrons.

19. Dot diagram of Oxygen A = B = # electrons = # protons = # neutrons = Atomic # = Mass # =

20. Dot diagram of Oxygen A = Electron B = # electrons = # protons = # neutrons = Atomic # = Mass # =

21. Dot diagram of Oxygen A = Electron B = Nucleus # electrons = # protons = # neutrons = Atomic # = Mass # =

22. Dot diagram of Oxygen A = Electron B = Nucleus # electrons = 8 # protons = # neutrons = Atomic # = Mass # =

23. Dot diagram of Oxygen A = Electron B = Nucleus # electrons = 8 # protons = 8 # neutrons = Atomic # = Mass # =

24. Dot diagram of Oxygen A = Electron B = Nucleus # electrons = 8 # protons = 8 # neutrons = 8 Atomic # = Mass # =

25. Dot diagram of Oxygen A = Electron B = Nucleus # electrons = 8 # protons = 8 # neutrons = 8 Atomic # = 8 Mass # =

26. Dot diagram of Oxygen A = Electron B = Nucleus # electrons = 8 # protons = 8 # neutrons = 8 Atomic # = 8 Mass # = 16

27. States of Matter Solid: A substance that resists changes of shape and volume Characterized by structure in the particular order and bonding of atoms that make up the material Example A crystal

28. Various representations of molecules arranged in a solid

29. Liquid: A substance that flows freely in response to unbalanced forces molecules more or less move freely past one another as individuals or small groups are not confined to fixed positions. Liquids can exhibit pressure and take the shape of any container they are in.

31. Gas: A substance that expands (and contracts) easily, rapidly, and indefinitely Fills all space available to it Takes the shape of its container the distance is such that no cohesion exists molecules move rapidly and collisions are frequent. Gases also exhibit pressure PV = nRT (the ideal gas law)

33. Heat added = increase in total energy + work done against outside pressure With increasing T (temperature) Volume increases & Density decreases

34. Energy and Matter Interact The change in the state of a substance from a solid to a liquid form, or from a liquid to a gaseous form, (or vice versa) is called a Phase Change. Thermal Energy is involved in phase changes

35. In this house we obey the laws of thermodynamics! ~Homer Simpson

36. Forms of Energy Thermal energy = the grand total of all energies inside a substance The total kinetic energy of all molecules in matter. Atoms and molecules are constantly “jiggling” in some sort of back-and-forth vibratory motion. The greater this molecular kinetic energy is the hotter a substance is.

37. Thermodynamics Is the study of the general properties of energy Thermal energy plays a central role in understanding those properties, hence the study of energy can also be called thermodynamics.

38. Temperature tells us how warm or cold a body is with respect to some standard (Fahrenheit, Celsius or Kelvin) Temperature is the measure of the average kinetic energy of each molecule in a body. If a body has a high temperature each of its molecules has, on the average, a large amount of kinetic energy. If a body has a low temperature, each molecule on the average has a small amount of kinetic energy. This is why at absolute zero all kinetic motion stops. Molecules have lost all their kinetic energy at this temperature.

39. Thermal Energy Flow Thermal Energy Flow = Heat

40. Thermal Energy vs Heat Heat = the thermal energy that is transferred from one body to another because of a temperature difference. Heat will always pass from a substance of higher temperature to a substance of lower temperature until both reach a common temperature.

41. Thermal Energy vs Heat Thermodynamics

42. The Laws of Thermodynamics The first law of thermodynamics is the Law of conservation of energy. The total energy of all the participants in any process must remain unchanged throughout the process. There are no known exceptions. Energy can be transformed but the total amount always remains the same.

43. 1st Law of Thermodynamics

44. The Laws of Thermodynamics The second law of thermodynamics is the Law of Heating. Heat will not flow spontaneously from a cold to a hot body. Thermal energy flows spontaneously from a higher temperature object to a lower-temperature object. It will not flow spontaneously the other way.

45. 2nd Law of Thermodynamics

46. Any engine that uses thermal energy as input to do work must also have thermal energy output or exhaust. i.e. a car engine.

47. The 2nd law stated another way Energy of all kinds in our material world disperses or dissipates if it is not hindered from doing so. Entropy = the quantitative measure of this kind of spontaneous dissipating process.

48. Irreversibility: Once a system creates thermal energy, that system will never by itself (spontaneously) be able to return to its previous condition.

49. Q1: Which way is heat being transferred? 1.From the cold beer can into Homer’s warmer beer belly. 2. From Homer’s beer belly into the cold beer can. 3. From both the beer can to Homer and from Homer to the beer can.

50. Q1: Which way is heat being transferred? 1.From the cold beer can into Homer’s warmer beer belly. 2. From Homer’s beer belly into the cold beer can. 3. From both the beer can to Homer and from Homer to the beer can.