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The Power of Nationalism

The Power of Nationalism. Unification of Italy & Germany. A Divided Italy. Italian Peninsula was divided into several independent states in the early 1800s. France, Austria, and the Pope controlled large portions of the area. Cultural & economic divisions. The Fight to Unify Italy.

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The Power of Nationalism

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  1. The Power of Nationalism Unification of Italy & Germany

  2. A Divided Italy • Italian Peninsula was divided into several independent states in the early 1800s. • France, Austria, and the Pope controlled large portions of the area. • Cultural & economic divisions

  3. The Fight to Unify Italy • Risorgimento - the movement to unify Italy • Giuseppe Mazzini - the voice of unification • The goal - oust Austria from the Italian Peninsula

  4. A Decision for the Pope • April 1848 - Austria was on the verge of defeat when Pope Pius IX withdrew his troops from the Italian forces, enabling Austria to regain control of Lombardy & Venetia • Italian nationalists attacked Rome and the pope who had to flee the city & for a while Mazzini led a new government until French forces occupied Rome and restored the Pope to power.

  5. Italy’s New Direction • King Victor Emmanuel II of Sardinia, advised by Count Cavour, became the leader of the unity movement • Cavour’s Plan • industrial growth • reduction of the Catholic Church’s influence • focus on advancement of Sardinia’s interests in foreign policy • Cavour’s stroke of genius - supported France & Great Britain in the Crimean War to gain status as a European nation

  6. The Defeat of Austria • France promised to support Sardinia against Austria in exchange for the provinces of Savoy and Nice • 1859 - Sardinia was able to gain Lombardy from Austria • Then Italians in other regions overthrew their foreign rulers

  7. Nationalism spreads to Southern Italy • Giuseppe Garibaldi led the “Red Shirts” in a revolt in the Kingdom of Two Sicilies and captured Naples • Garibaldi surrendered his conquests to Victor Emmanuel II making Victor Emmanuel II the constitutional monarch of Italy (except Rome & Venetia)

  8. “Italy is made. All is safe” ~ Count Cavour’s dying words • Problems for the unified Italy • poor & agricultural South • Industrialized & wealthy Noth • Domination of Sardinian culture • Civil wars

  9. Successes for a New Italy • Creation of a military force • Beginning of a national education system • Development of railroads • 1866 Prussian victory over Austria led to Venetia becoming part of Italy • 1870 Italian troops entered Rome & conquered the Pope’s territory • 1871 - King Victor Emmanuel II moved the capital to Rome

  10. Germany in the Early 1800s • 39 German states made up the German Confederation • Austria dominated the German Confederation • Conflict - Austria v. Prussia • Prussia = largest, most stable German state with a strong economy led by the Junkers

  11. The Zollverein • A German economic union called for by the Prussian Junkers • Reduced tariffs & created closer ties between the German states • Prussia became the leader of the Zollverein - a strategic victory over Austria

  12. Nationalist Leaders - William I and Otto von Bismarck • 1861 - William I became King of Prussia • William I felt that military strength was the key to power - beginning of Germany’s militaristic tradition • William I’s prime minister Otto von Bismarck developed the policy of REALPOLITIK - a system of politics based on practical not moral considerations

  13. Bismarck’s “Blood & Iron” Policy • Bismarck forces through new taxes to pay for the militarization of Prussia • Bismarck guided a military & economic expansion that outdistanced Austria • Bismarck’s favorite unification tool = WAR

  14. Prussia’s Wars of Unification • Danish War • Seven Weeks’ War • Franco-Prussian War

  15. The German Empire • January 1871 - William I became KAISER of Germany and Bismarck became CHANCELLOR • William I and Bismarck moved forward with their plans to expand German power and influence with “blood and iron”

  16. Bismarck & Nation Building • Church v. State • Bismarck struggled to make Catholic Germans put the State (Germany) before the Catholic Church

  17. Catching Up with Great Britain • Germany quickly modernized & industrialized in the mid-1800s • Coal mining and cities expanded rapidly • Germany’s middle & upper classes had the highest standard of living in Europe • German workers suffered in increasingly worse working conditions • Socialism became increasingly popular in Germany

  18. Controlling the Left • Bismarck viewed socialism as a weakness and a threat to realpolitik • Bismarck tried to ban socialist activities in Germany • Bismarck also called for bills aimed at improving the standard of living for workers • But, despite his efforts, the Socialists continued to gain power in Germany

  19. Bismarck’s Last Years • After the death of William I, it looked like Germany would become more liberal under the leadership of Kaiser Frederick III (but he died after reigning for 100 days) • Kaiser William II also favored a strong military but he clashed with Bismarck the concept of divine right for the Hohezollern family and the kaiser’s involvement in political affairs

  20. The Rise of Germany • Bismarck resigned in 1890 • Kaiser William II continued to expand Germany’s power • The Industry and Military continued to grow • Germany achieved super power status in the years before World War I

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