The Growth of Nationalism:

1. The Growth of Nationalism: ECONOMIC AND TERRITORIAL EXPANSION.

2. NATIONALISM Definition: The doctrine that your own nation, culture and interests are superior to any others.

3. New Thinking • In 1800, a resident of Georgia might have seen himself as a Georgian citizen. • A resident of Pennsylvania probably thought of himself as a resident of that state. • By the 1820’s, most people began to think of themselves as citizens of the United States. • This new thinking led to a new feeling of POWER among Americans… • And the post-War of 1812 era is one of tremendous political and economic expansion in the United States.

4. The Monroe Doctrine • As a reflection of this newfound feeling of POWER, President James Monroe issued the following statement in 1823: Four Parts • The US would not get involved in the internal affairs of European countries. • The US would recognize existing colonies in the western hemisphere, but… • The US would not permit further colonization of the western hemisphere. • Any attempt by a European country to control any country in the western hemisphere would be viewed as an ACT OF WAR.

5. iRespond Question Multiple Choice F Which of the following actions would be considered a VIOLATION of the Monroe Doctrine? 3D0D0AC3-A580-2143-9752-778682CEE08E A.) the establishment of a military alliance between Britain and France. B.) the use of state currency instead of federally issued currency. C.) the policy of denying African Americans the right to vote. D.) the establishment of a German colony in Argentina in 1994. E.)

6. Manifest Destiny • Americans’ new national identity also led to the belief that US territory should stretch from the ATLANTIC to the PACIFIC…. • This doctrine became known as “MANIFEST DESTINY”– i.e., it is the US’ OBVIOUS DESTINY to stretch from coast to coast… • And that this destiny should be achieved NO MATTER WHAT.

7. The Industrial Revolution • The industrial revolution refers to a DRAMATIC CHANGE in the way that things were produced… • For ten thousand years of human history, production depended on manual labor or draft animals. Beginning in the late 1700’s, however, a changeover to production by MACHINES began to take place. • American factories—which were mostly powered by water—began springing up all over the Northeast… • And the US began its transformation from a poor, agriculturally-based nation to a RICH manufacturing nation.

8. One result of the Industrial Revolution upon American society was that... iRespond Question Multiple Choice F 432D88B9-A18E-A241-9A7A-4390898C6AE0 A.) large numbers of American citizens began immigrating out of the country. B.) large numbers of Americans moved from farming to factory work. C.) the sale and production of handmade products increased substantially. D.) Americans' emphasis on the importance of education declined dramatically. E.)

9. The Cotton Gin • COTTON was—and still is—a tremendously desirable fabric… • But raw cotton is full of tiny, prickly black seeds… • That had to be picked out one by one (usually by slaves)… • The amount of labor involved made cotton too EXPENSIVE for most people. • After visiting some relatives in Georgia, an inventor from Connecticut named Eli Whitney… • Invented a machine that removed the seeds automatically… • By using the machine, the amount of cotton produced by one slave in one day went from one pound… • To ONE THOUSAND pounds.

10. The Effects of the Cotton Gin • As production costs DROPPED… • Prices… • DROPPED… • Suddenly, most people could afford cotton—and EVERYBODY wanted to buy it. • In the South, “KING COTTON” took control of the economy… • Because cotton could now be processed so much more RAPIDLY—Planters expanded their plantations to cover TREMENDOUS spaces. • But HARVESTING cotton is extremely LABOR INTENSIVE… • And who harvested cotton on Southern plantations? • SLAVES. • Consequently, the invention of the cotton gin… • Caused an EXPLOSION in the demand for slaves in the South.

11. iRespond Question Multiple Choice F 3BFC70A4-C178-A645-A70F-CCB255513A78 The MOST IMPORTANT effect of Eli Whitney's invention of the cotton gin was that... A.) Americans of all classes could now afford to buy cotton. B.) the profits of cotton farmers increased substantially. C.) the US' westward expansion sped up dramatically. D.) the South's dependence on slave labor increased considerably. E.)

12. Eli Whitney Invents Interchangeable Parts • Guns were once UNIQUE and HAND MADE… • And if one broke, it had to be taken to a gunsmith… • Who would handcraft replacement parts… • Which took a LONG TIME and was very EXPENSIVE. • Whitney devised a system whereby gun parts were mass produced in a FACTORY… • And advertised his invention by taking about ten rifles… • Putting all the parts into a box and shaking up the box… • And then removing the parts and reassembling the parts in a matter of minutes. • The fact that most weapons factories were eventually established in the North was a huge advantage to the Union Army during the Civil War.

13. iRespond Question Multiple Choice F The development of interchangeable parts was an important step in... 396BF833-2AD7-5448-83AD-BFF314603AA2 A.) the US' transition from an agricultural to a manufacturing economy. B.) the beginning of civil war between slave states and free states. C.) the elimination of British influence in American political decisions. D.) the end of American dependence upon Canadian arms dealers. E.)

14. The Steamboat • The price of a product reflects TWO costs: • Production costs (how much does it cost to MAKE?)… • And shipping costs (how much does it cost to MOVE?). • At the same time industrial revolution was lowering production costs… • Robert Fulton was perfecting his invention of the steamboat— • Which can travel UPSTREAM— • And dramatically lowered SHIPPING COSTS— • Further fueling economic expansion in the USA.

15. 1825: The Erie Canal Is Finished • Farmers in the west (Ohio; Indiana; Illinois) had a problem: • To get their goods to the big cities on the East Coast— • They had to ship overland by wagon train— • Which took a LONG time… • And made spoilage a problem. • The Erie Canal connected the West to NYC… • Cut shipping times by 95%... • Sped up Western settlement… • And made NYC the economic capital of the USA.

16. The completion of the Erie Canal... iRespond Question Multiple Choice F 4C7A8C3A-A468-5645-A436-BB1D2AD7DEEC A.) caused an economic slowdown in parts of the Northeast, especially in New York City. B.) brought large numbers of slaves from the Deep South to New England. C.) caused the isolation and neglect of many areas of the country, especially in the South. D.) led to an economic expansion and highlighted the importance of New York City as a center of international trade. E.)

17. Reform Movements • The Preamble to the Constitution calls for the formation of a “More Perfect Union”… • And as the nation grew territorially and economically… • As Americans gained a national identity… • A feeling grew that the US should begin to focus on its quest for greater “perfection”… • And a number of REFORM MOVEMENTS began to take place.

18. The Temperance Movement • In 1790, US government figures showed that the AVERAGE yearly alcohol consumption for every American over the age of 15 was… • 34 gallons of beer or hard cider… • 5 gallons of hard liquor and one gallon of wine. • Female activists began to argue that so much drinking was ruining the family structure of the country… • Ministers worried about the spiritual effects… • And a movement began to BAN the manufacture and sale of alcohol.

19. 1787, two days before their work was done, the 55 delegates to the Constitutional Convention “adjourned to a tavern for some rest”, and according to the bill they drank: • 54 bottles of Madeira… • 60 bottles of claret… • 8 bottles of whiskey… • 22 bottles of port… • 8 bottles of hardcider…and… • 7 bowls of hunch punch so large that, it was said, “ducks could swim around in them.” • Then they went back to work and finished writing the Constitution.

20. Public Education • In many areas of the nation outside of the Northeast… • Education was only available to those who were able to PAY. • Arguing that democracy DEPENDED upon informed, LITERATE voters… • Horace Mann established the first public high school in the US, in 1821. • It eventually became widely accepted that education is a BASIC HUMAN RIGHT… • And one that should be provided by the GOVERNMENT, for EVERYBODY.

21. Abolitionism • Although the South was becoming COMPLETELY DEPENDENT upon slave labor… • Opinions about slavery were changing… • The international slave trade was outlawed in 1808… • All northern states had ABOLISHED slavery… • And a movement began to GRADUALLY end slavery in every state. • Most abolitionists, however, did not believe in the equality of African Americans… • Leading to the establishment of Liberia—a West African colony established for freed blacks. • And 1400 free blacks and former slaves moved there.

22. Radical Abolitionism • Radical abolitionists differed from mainstream abolitionists in that they believed slavery to be EVIL… • Wanted it to be ended IMMEDIATELY… • And often supported illegal and/or violent means to bring about its end. • Some radical abolitionists included… • William Lloyd Garrison—publisher of “The Liberator”, an anti-slavery newsletter…and… • Frederick Douglass—an escaped former slave who published “The Life and Times of Frederick Douglass”.

23. Opposition to Abolition • Northern factory workers often opposed abolition— • Because they feared that millions of freed slaves would create competition for jobs… • And drive wages… • DOWN. • Consequently, abolitionists were often attacked in the North, their homes and businesses firebombed.

24. The Women’s Movement • Many women had been active in different reform movements, especially the anti-slavery and temperance movement. • This gave them political experience… • However, they were still DENIED the right to vote. • In 1848, Elizabeth Cady Stanton organized the... • Seneca Falls Convention—the first women’s rights convention in US history (1848). • The convention called for women’ssuffrage—the right to vote.

25. Which of the following statements would probably have been made by a supporter of the RADICAL ABOLITIONIST movement? iRespond Question Multiple Choice F CAE53021-C122-BB4F-8AFC-49B3D3CFA09D A.) "Every addition to knowledge is an addition to human power." B.) "There will never be complete equality until women themselves help to make the laws and elect lawmakers." C.) "I, John Brown, am quite certain that the crimes of this guilty land will never be purged away but with blood." D.) "I think slavery is morally wrong. I desire that it should be no further spread in these United States.” E.) "First you take a drink, then the drink takes a drink, then the drink takes you."

26. Andrew Jackson & Political Reform • As a war hero and frontiersman with little formal education… • Jackson was elected in 1828 as a champion of the “common man”. • At the party following his inauguration, he opened the White House to the general public… • Which caused the proceeding to descend into a drunken riot… • In which the White House was trashed.

27. Jacksonian Democracy • The framers of the Constitution had little respect for the ability of common Americans to handle the responsibilities of Democracy… • And so they sharply limited participation: • Voters had to be: • White… • Male.. • 21-years old or older… • PROPERTY OWNERS. • Because much of Jackson’s support came from the lower classes… • And because Jackson himself had little respect for family status or education… • He strongly supported the expansion of voting rights to ALL WHITE MEN… • And by the 1840’s, the requirement of property ownership for voters had been largely eliminated.

28. iRespond Question Multiple Choice F 440A1D2A-D56B-7B42-A5F4-D3D013DE5191 The BEST description of Jacksonian Democracy is... A.) an expansion of voting rights to include all US citizens over the age of 21. B.) an expansion of voting rights to include all free white females. C.) an expansion of voting rights to include all males over the age of 18. D.) the elimination of property-ownership requirements for potential voters. E.)