The Digestive System

1. The Digestive System Chapter 15

2. 15.1 Functions: mechanical and chemical breakdown of food        *absorption of nutrients Consists of alimentary canal and accessory organs

3. Wall of the Alimentary Canal

4. 15.2 Characteristics of the Canal 1.  Mucosa - protects tissues and carries absorption 2.  Submucosa - glands, blood vessels, nerves 3.  Muscular Layer - smooth muscle tissue, circular & longitudinal fibers, pushes food  (PERISTALSIS) 4.  Serosa (serous layer) - visceral perioneum, outer covering of the tube, lubricates surfaces (serous fluid)

6. Mixing Movements Contractions mix food with digestive juices Peristalsis - pushes food down the tube

7. Anatomy of the Mouth

8. Anatomy of a Tooth

9. Teeth Incisors Cuspid (canine) Bicuspids Molars

12. Tooth Decay

13. METH MOUTH

16. ROOT CANAL

17. Salivary Glands Parotid - ear, cheek Submandibular - below jaw Sublingual - under tongue

18. Pharynx  nasopharynx oropharynx laryngopharynx

19. Esophagus esophageal hiatus is where it penetrates the diaphragm cardiac sphincter at entrance to stomach

20. STOMACH MUSCLES:   Longitudinal, Circular, Oblique

21. Stomach Regions • Cardiac • Fundic • Body (greater and lesser curvature) • Pyloric

22. Stomach Lining Gastric Juices contain acids that break down food  - secreted by gastric glands PEPSIN  - most important digestive enzyme for breaking down food Mucus prevents stomach from digesting itself

23. Chyme - paste, after food has been broken down, released then into the duodenum via the pyloric sphincter valve Rugae - folds within stomach Gastric Pits contain glands to make juices

24. PANCREAS - secretes insulin which breaks down sugars Pancreatic Juice also breaks down fat

25.  Liver  1 large right lobe  | 1 smaller left lobe

26. Liver - ducts and vessels Hepatic duct --> to common bile duct Hepatic portal vein - circulates blood throughout liver

27. Liver Functions 1.  blood glucose levels 2.  breakdown of lipids and fats 3.  protein metabolism 4.  stores vitamins 5.  destroys damaged RBCs 6.  removes toxins 7.  secretes bile

28. Remember Bili Lights? Using bili lights is a therapeutic procedure performed on newborn or premature infants to reduce elevated levels of bilirubin. If blood levels of bilirubin become too high, the bilirubin begins to dissolve in the body tissues, producing the characteristic yellow eyes and skin of jaundice. 

29. Gall Bladder - under liver           cystic duct --> common bile duct           stores bile, digests fat                  *gallstones may form

30. Small Intestine Starts at the pyloric sphincter 1.  Duodenum 2.  Jejunum 3.  Ileum *Mesentery  Membrane holds it together,  contains blood vessels

31. Greater Omentum a  "curtain-like" membrane that covers the intestines, stores fat and lays like a drape

32. Greater Omentum

34. Intestinal villi - increase surface area to absorb nutrients, connect to vessels

35. The main function of the small intestine is to secrete chemicals that break down food and carry the nutrients away in the blood stream.  In one word: ABSORPTION

36. Large Intestine Cecum  Appendix Colon (4 parts)    Cecum    Ascending    Transverse     Descending     Sigmoid Rectum Anus

37. Function of Large Intestine Secretes mucus,  reabsorbs water, contains bacteria to aid in digestion  (intestinal flora) Mass Movements (defecation) - removes undigested food The main job is  WATER REABSORPTION...

38. How to Make Fake Poop...

40. stomach transverse colon ascending colon descending colon cecum appendix sigmoid colon rectum

41. 1.  esophagus 2.  liver 3.  stomach 4. pyloric sphincter 5.  duodenum 6.  pancreas 7.  jejunum 8.  ileum 9.  cecum 10. appendix 11.  ascending colon 12.  descending colon 13.  sigmoid colong 14.  anus

42. Nutrition

43. Disorders of the Digestive System GERD Gastroesophageal reflux disease

44. Dysentery or Diarrhea

45. HEPATITIS  A, B, C

46. Hepatitis A is caused by eating food and drinking water infected with a virus called HAV.  While it can cause swelling and inflammation in the liver, it doesn't lead to chronic disease. Almost everyone who gets hepatitis A has a full recovery, some may need hospitalization Many people are recommended to receive hepatitis A vaccine, including people at increased risk for exposure to hepatitis A virus infection and people who are more likely to get seriously ill if infected with the virus

47. Hepatitis B is caused by the virus HBV. It is spread by contact with an infected person's blood, semen, or other body fluid. And, it is a sexually transmitted disease (STD).   Some people never develop symptoms, others develop chronic symptoms that stay with them their whole life.

48. Hepatitis C is caused by the virus HCV. It is spread the same way as hepatitis B, through contact with an infected person's blood, semen, or body fluid (see above).  Like hepatitis B, hepatitis C causes swelling of the liver and can cause liver damage that can lead to cancer. Most people who have hepatitis C develop a chronic infection. This may lead to a scarring of the liver, called cirrhosis.  Blood banks test all donated blood for hepatitis C, greatly reducing the risk for getting the virus from blood transfusions or blood products.

49. Crampy abdominal pain Fatigue Loss of appetite Pain with passing stool (tenesmus); bloody stool Persistent, watery diarrhea Weight loss Constipation

50. IBS  - Irritable Bowel Syndrome The muscles in the bowel wall may contract too forcefully or too weakly, too slowly or rapidly at certain times.