Regional security cooperation, the Neighbourhood Policy & the Solana doctrine Fulvio Attinà (March 31, 2004)

1. Regional security cooperation,the Neighbourhood Policy&the Solana doctrineFulvio Attinà (March 31, 2004)

2. Security Security policy • The policy aiming to keep one’s values and interests safe • A security policy makes use of several practices and instruments selected from the available ones, according to one’s security culture • Security practices and instruments change over time. New ones are invented, experimented and added to the existing ones, according to one’sdanger, risk and threat perceptions and security culture Securityis the condition in which one’s values and interests are protected from or not exposed to danger, i.e. risks and threats The multidimensional or comprehensive notion of security has been developed in contemporary times from the interdependence between all dimensions of security, i.e. the political, socio-economic, ecologic, cultural and military dimension

3. Regionalism & Security Mainstream perspective on regional cooperation Similarity / Homogeneity of culture and institutions is condition to strong regional cooperation New regionalism • Interdependence reinforces region-building • Interconnection of states and societies, and similar perceptions of global problems raise the preference of neighbouring countries for cooperation and policy coordination Region as ‘security complex’(Buzan):‘a group of States whose primary security concerns link together sufficiently closely that their national securities cannot realistically be considered apart from one another’.

4. Security co-operation and regions • Military force, no-confidence & secrecy • system of opposite military alliances • collective security • Universal agreement • Single state commitment and intervention on demand • Instant preparation of international measures • security community • High level of transactions, confidence & integration, shared institutions • Regional security partnership

5. Regional Security Partnership– Definition the security arrangement of a region based on the consensus of the states to cooperate on the reduction of violence and enhancement of stability and peace in the region by making use of various agreements and mechanisms (formal security treaties, international organizations, joint action agreements, bi/multilateral dialogues, stability pacts, preventive diplomacy and confidence-building measures, measures for countries at risk of internal violence) it includes all the countries of a region and extra-regional powers

6. The line of regional security system No formal Amalgameted Arrangement security community A - Opposite alliance system B - Collective security C - Regional security partnership D1 - Loosely coupled Pluralistic security community D2 - Tightly coupled Pluralistic security community

7. Regional security cooperation: hypothesis The emerging practice of regional security agreements is part of a worldwide process of change which can be conceptualized as the supplement hypothesis Regional security agreements are supplementing the traditional forms of security cooperation in providing security to states. They may reduce the importance of traditional forms of security cooperation like military alliance cooperation

8. R s partnership - Cases • The Security Partnership of Europe • The ASEAN Regional Forum (ARF) • The Shanghai Cooperation Organization (SCO) • The Euro-Mediterranean security partnership project • The Neighbouhood Policy Project

9. R s partnership - Characters • Pre-conditions • Conditions • Structures and means • Consequences

10. R s p: Pre-conditions andConditions • Pre-conditions • awareness for interdependence and the local effect of global problems • relaxed or no power competition • restrained use of violence in international conflict • Conditions • consensus on • reducing violence in international relations, • improving international and domestic stability, • promoting peace and economic growth • no system of opposite military alliances

11. R s partnership – Structures and means • written fundamental agreement(s)on shared principles of peaceful relations and also on the sources of conflict, tension and instability in the region; • operative agreements and international organization(s) for the management of international and internal problems of security • a set of international measuresand mechanisms of conflict prevention, management and resolution • a set of internal measures • involvement of extra-regional powers(very probable)

12. R s partnership -Means to strengthen international security (Europe) • measures of cooperative security and confidence-building in order to prevent misunderstandings and the preemptive use of military force • measures based on the commitment of the states to provide resources for collective security such as rapid intervention forces to interrupt military conflicts and deter aggressive actions • measures of military and civilian crisis management to restore peaceful relations

13. R s partnership - Means to strengthen internal security conditions (Europe) • measures of economic aid to the countries in need and policies of economic integration in order to ease inter-state tensions by means of collective economic growth and welfare • political assistance to improve internal democracy, and control the aggressive aspirations of leaders and social groups • programs for developing domestic civil society, social pluralism, and trans-national social relationsin order to ease tension by the mutual understanding of the countries of the region

14. R s partnership - Consequences • reduction of the gap between the security doctrines and cultures of the countries of the region • increase of defense de-nationalization • change towards security community (possible)

15. Security culture The theory of security culture explains the security policies and decisions of the states as intrinsically influenced by beliefs, traditions, attitudes, symbols. Recent past experience in dealing with security problems is also important in the learning process that shapes culture • Recent past experience and beliefs, traditions, attitudes and symbols are intimately related and shape the country’s security culture

16. Security culture: levels, institutions, and agents LEVELS: State/society, region, the world INSTITUTIONS:International law, the United Nations, the world and regional conferences on arms control and conflict issues AGENTS:National and international diplomats, epistemic communities, strategy experts, and political leaders The security cultures of states and regions interact and change over time under the influence of these institutions and agents, and of new ideas, practices and experiences.

17. Security culture in current Europe is linked to three recent experiences • the negotiations of the Cold War and détente times on nuclear deterrence strategy and arms control; • the Helsinki Process with the three-decade long elaboration of ideas and formation of mechanisms of comprehensive and cooperative security; • the formulation of national and multilateral defense policies in the 1990s to react to the proliferation of weapons of mass destruction (WMD) to countries and non-state actors insensitive of the conventional logic of military strategy.

18. Neighbourhood Policy as security policy Neighbourhood Policy’s (comprehensive & co-operative) security objectives: • preventing conflicts in our neighbourhood and acts of aggression against the EU and other European states; • settling ongoing disputes and conflicts; • establishing close economic and political partnerships based on shared values, prosperity and security; • controlling migration and all forms of illegal trafficking into the EU.

19. The Neighbourhood Policy approach to security • ‘structural stability’: promoting‘sustainable economic development, democracy and respect for human rights, viable political structures and healthy environmental and social conditions • comprehensive security: interdependence between all dimensions of security – political, socio-economic, ecologic, cultural and military • cooperative security: focus on dialogue, cooperation and partnership  EU as a ‘civilian power’, i.e. an actor (a) which seeks to influence the international environment in the long term, (b) which operates mainly through economic, diplomatic and ideological power and via multilateralism, and ( c) which is inspired not only by material interests, but also by norms and ideas.

20. A SECURE EUROPE IN A BETTER WORLD • Document proposed by Javier Solana, EU High Representative for the Common Foreign and Security Politicy, at the European Council, Thessaloniki, 20/06/2003. - Adopted by the European Council, Brussels, 12/12/2003 • NEW THREATS IN A NEW SECURITY ENVIRONMENT • STRATEGIC OBJECTIVES • POLICY IMPLICATIONS FOR EUROPE

21. I. NEW THREATS IN A NEW SECURITY ENVIRONMENT • As a union of 25 states with over 450 million people producing a quarter of the world’s GNP, the European Union is a global actor; it should be ready to share in the responsibility for global security. • Global challenges (i.e. security risks) • increasingly open borders • increased scope for non-state groups to play a part in international affairs • regional conflicts fostering instability, disrupt economy and reduce opportunities • 45 million continue to die every year out of hunger and malnutrition • Bad governance is often at the heart of these problems. • Energy dependence is also a concern. • New threats • Terrorism • Proliferation of Weapons of Mass Destruction • Failed States and Organised Crime

22. II. STRATEGIC OBJECTIVES /A • Extending the Zone of Security around Europe • It is in the European interest that countries on our borders arewell-governed. Neighbours who are engaged in violent conflict, weak states where organised crime flourishes, dysfunctional societies or exploding population growth on its borders all pose problems for Europe. • It is not in our interest that enlargement should create new dividing lines in Europe. We need to extend the benefits of economic and political cooperation to our future neighbours in the East while resolving political problems there • We should take a stronger interest in the problems of the Southern Caucasus, which will in due course also be a neighbouring region • Resolution of the Arab/Israeli conflict is a strategic priority for Europe • The European Union's interests require a continued engagement with Mediterranean partners, through more effective economic, security and cultural cooperation in the framework of the Barcelona Process

23. II. STRATEGIC OBJECTIVES /B • Strengthening the international order • an effective multilateral system. • a stronger international society • well functioning international institutions • a rule-based international order • Strengthening the United Nations, key world institutions (e.g.WTO) and regional organisations such as OSCE, ASEAN, MERCOSUR and the African Union • The best protection for our security is a world of well-governed democratic states

24. II. STRATEGIC OBJECTIVES /C • Countering the Threats • Terrorism – the European Arrest Warrant, measures to attack terrorist financing and an agreement on mutual legal assistance with the U.S.A. • Proliferation - steps to strengthen the International Atomic and Energy Agency, measures to tighten export controls and to deal with illegal shipments and illicit procurement • Failed states/organised crime – help failed states back on their feet, including the Balkans, Afghanistan, East Timor and Africa (most recently in Congo)

25. III. POLICY IMPLICATIONS FOR EUROPE • More active • Develop a strategic culture that fosters early, rapid, and when necessary, robust intervention • Operations involving both military and civilian capabilities • More Coherent. • Bring together different instruments and capabilities: European assistance programmes, military and civilian capabilities from Member States and other instruments such as the European Development Fund • More Capable. • More resources for defence • Greater capacity to bring civilian resources to bear in crisis and post crisis situations. • Stronger diplomatic capability • Improved sharing of intelligence among Member States and partners

26. Working with partners • The threats are common threats, shared with all our closest partners. International cooperation is a necessity. • We need to pursue our objectives both through multilateral cooperation in international organisations and through partnerships with other key actors or regions. • the transatlantic relationship is irreplaceable • Developing strategic partnerships with Russia, Japan, China, Canada and India