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PROTEIN SYNTHESIS

PROTEIN SYNTHESIS. P86. Or…how our bodies make proteins!. 2. FUNCTION OF DNA. DNA = Code for making “Proteins”. What is the function?. Proteins = Characteristics. Chromosome. DNA. Genes determine Characteristics. Gene. DO NOT COPY. Humans have 50,000-100,000 genes.

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PROTEIN SYNTHESIS

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  1. PROTEIN SYNTHESIS P86 Or…how our bodies make proteins!

  2. 2. FUNCTION OF DNA DNA = Code for making “Proteins” What is the function?

  3. Proteins = Characteristics

  4. Chromosome DNA Genes determine Characteristics Gene

  5. DO NOT COPY Humans have 50,000-100,000 genes  Gene (hair color)  Gene (eye color) Diploid or Haploid?

  6. The nucleus contains chromosomes. Chromosomes are made up of DNA A section of DNA is called a gene. Genes code for protein Chromosomes are made up of many genes.

  7. The function of DNA • The DNA molecule contains all your hereditary information in the form of genes • Ageneis a coded section of DNA; it tells our cells how to build specific proteins • Genes code for PROTEIN our body needs and does (saliva, bones, eye shape) • Because DNA is so large, it is stuck inside the nucleus • It needs a messenger to move the information from nucleus to protein factories(ribosomes!) http://www.accessexcellence.org/RC/VL/GG/images/genes.gif

  8. DO NOT COPY Dad Gene + Mom Gene = Characteristic (Brown Hair) Dad Mom

  9. Each Gene is responsible for the production of ONE protein Gene  Protein

  10. NITROGEN BASES are like the letters of a word GENES Are like words made of letters CHROMOSOME Is like the book of sentences DNA Is like a sentence of many words

  11. NITROGEN BASES are like the letters of a word A C T E A T A T R RAT CAT ATE GENES Are like words made of letters DNA Is like a sentence of many words THE CAT ATE THE FAT RAT. CHROMOSOME Is like the book of sentences

  12. DNA Structure • To crack the genetic code found in DNA we need to look at the sequence of bases.(ORDER OF THE LETTERS) • The bases are arranged in groups of 3 (triplets) called codons. A G G - C T C - A A G - T C C - T A G T C C - G A G - T T C - A G G - A T C

  13. Genes are sections of DNA that code for a protein. This protein determines a physical trait. DNA Protein gene Gene trait Trait

  14. DNA Structure/DEFINITIONS • A gene is a section of DNA that codes for a protein. • Each gene has a unique sequence of bases. • This sequence of bases will code for the production of a protein. • It is these proteins and combination of proteins that give us a unique trait/ characteristics.

  15. Your Task • Draw a flow chart to show how to get from:

  16. DNA video simple scienceHttps://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rromYAt1Lfw

  17. DNA needs RNA! • RNA is a nucleic acid messenger between DNA and ribosomes • 3 differences between DNA and RNA: • RNA has ribose sugar • RNA is single stranded • RNA contains a nitrogen base called uracil (U)instead of thymine. http://www.dkimages.com/discover/previews/769/85011519.JPG

  18. 3 types of RNA • Messenger RNA (mRNA): • copies DNA in the nucleus and carries the info to the ribosomes (in cytoplasm) • Ribosomal RNA (rRNA): • makes up a large part of the ribosome; reads and decodes mRNA • Transfer RNA (tRNA): • carries amino acids to the ribosome where they are joined to form proteins http://images.encarta.msn.com/xrefmedia/zencmed/targets/illus/ilt/T068340A.gif

  19. Draw the 3 types of RNA (or tape in picture)

  20. RNA DNA Both • Single stranded molecule • Double stranded molecule • Made of nucleotides • Contains uracil • Contains thymine • Contains ribose sugar - Contain adenine, guanine, and cytosine • Contains deoxyribose sugar - Found in nucleus and cytoplasm - Found only in nucleus

  21. RNA DNA Both • Single stranded molecule • Double stranded molecule • Made of nucleotides • Contains uracil • Contains thymine • Contains ribose sugar - Contain adenine, guanine, and cytosine • Contains deoxyribose sugar - Found in nucleus and cytoplasm - Found only in nucleus

  22. RNA DNA Both • Double stranded molecule • Contains thymine • Contains deoxyribose sugar - Found only in nucleus • Single stranded molecule • Contains uracil • Contains ribose sugar - Found in nucleus and cytoplasm • Made of nucleotides - Contain adenine, guanine, and cytosine

  23. Does this diagram represent DNA or RNA? …how can you tell?

  24. Does this diagram represent DNA or RNA? …how can you tell?

  25. You are a

  26. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=zwibgNGe4aY

  27. p88 Protein synthesis • Protein synthesisis the assembly of amino acids (by RNA) into proteins • Involves two steps: • 1. Transcription – copying DNA code into mRNA • 2. Translation – reading the mRNA code and assembling amino acids into a polypeptide chain (protein)

  28. Transcription • Performed in nucleus • Makes mRNA • mRNA is copied from DNA strand DNA to mRNA

  29. How transcription works • DNA strand splits, exposing the active strand • Complementary mRNA nucleotides line up opposite the active strand, forming mRNA • mRNA leaves the nucleus • Transcription demo

  30. Translation • Translation occurs in ribosomes • mRNA to amino acid chain (a protein) • USE CODON CHART • All three types of RNA work together during translation to produce proteins

  31. Practice: use the graphic to answer the Q • The code for making protein is stored in the organelle __________________ • The molecule that contains the code for making protein is ______________ • The coping of mRNA from DNA is called___________________ (process) • The synthesis of mRNA occurs in the ________________ (organelle) • mRNA is used to assemble __________ __________ into protein • The use of the mRNA to assemble protein is called ______________ (process) • Protein synthesis is completed in the ________________ (organelle)

  32. What is this process called? _____________ ___________ Name the parts: 1____________ 2______________ 3________________ 4_______________ 5_________________ 6 __________________ 5 4 6

  33. Decoding mRNA (translation) • The sequence of bases in an mRNA molecule determines the order of the amino acids • The order of the amino acids determines the protein • Ribosomes decode the instructions by using codons • Acodonis a set of 3 bases (CCU) that each code for 1 amino acid (proline) • Each codon is matched to an anticodon, or complementary sequence on the tRNA to determine the order of the amino acids • Translation demo http://www.gwu.edu/~darwin/BiSc150/One/codon.gif

  34. A transfer RNA with its anticodon

  35. Using a codon chart • A codon chart is used to determine the sequence of the amino acids in the polypeptide • The sets of 3 mRNA bases (codons) are used to find the amino acid http://www.safarikscience.org/biologyhome/7_dna/codon_question.png

  36. Decoding Practice For the following DNA examples, first give the appropriate mRNA sequence, then identify the amino acid sequence (remember: U replaces T in mRNA) Example 1: DNA: TAC GCA TGG AAT mRNA: AUG CGU ACC UUA Amino Acids: Met Arg Thr Leu Example 2: DNA: CGT GGA GAT ATT mRNA: GCA CCU CUA UAA Amino Acids: Ala Pro Leu stop Translation Review

  37. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=gG7uCskUOrA

  38. Rapid REVIEW https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=utX97Nu5Deg

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