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Ch 6 Review (Prepare for APPLICATION style questions!)

Psy 1513 - Allen. Ch 6 Review (Prepare for APPLICATION style questions!). Variables. Learning - relatively permanent change in behavior due to past experience Classical conditioning – (Pavlov) changes the stimulus that causes a reflex

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Ch 6 Review (Prepare for APPLICATION style questions!)

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  1. Psy 1513 - Allen Ch 6 Review(Prepare for APPLICATION style questions!)

  2. Variables Learning - relatively permanent change in behavior due to past experience Classical conditioning – (Pavlov) changes the stimulus that causes a reflex Operant conditioning – (Skinner) uses reinforcement and punishment to change behavior Observational Learning – (Bandura) imitation; learn by observing/watching others

  3. Variables • Classical - Learning based on the pairs of stimuli with responses; Deals with involuntary behaviors/antecedents • Unconditioned Stimulus (UCS) - a stimulus that elicits an unconditioned response without previous conditioning…Pavlov’s meat powder. • Conditioned Stimulus (CS) - a previously neutral stimulus that has acquired the capacity to elicit a conditioned response...the sound of a tone. • Unconditioned Response (UCR) - an unlearned reaction to a UCS that occurs without previous conditioning…salivating. • Conditioned Response (CR) - a learned reaction to a conditioned stimulus…salivating to the tone. (first called a “psychic reflex” by Pavolv)

  4. Variables • Operant - Learning based on the consequences of responding; Based on voluntary behaviors • Reinforcement ► Increasing a response: • Positive reinforcement - response is followed by rewarding stimulus • Negative reinforcement – response is followed by removal of an aversive stimulus • Punishment ► Decreasing a response: • Punishment • (positive) punishment - presentation of an aversive stimulus (spanking) • (negative) punishment - removal of a rewarding stimulus (taking away TV) also called the response cost

  5. Variables • Schedules of Reinforcement/Punishment • Continuous reinforcement - occurs when every instance of a designated response is reinforced (faster acquisition, faster extinction) • Intermittent (partial) reinforcement - occurs when a designated response is reinforced only some of the time (greater resistance to extinction) • Ratio schedules - require the organism to make the designated response a certain number of times to gain each reinforcer • Fixed-ratio schedule - entails giving a reinforcer after a fixed number of non-reinforced responses • Variable-ratio schedule - entails giving a reinforcer after a variable number of non-reinforced responses • Interval schedules - require a time period to pass between the presentation of reinforcers • Fixed-interval schedule - reinforcing the first response that occurs after a fixed time interval has elapsed • Variable-interval schedule - giving the reinforcer for the first response after a variable time interval has elapsed.

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