Ch 6 and 7 review

1. Ch 6 and 7 review

2. Endosymbiosis theory • Organelles and their sizes • What is a centrifuge? What cell parts will fall to the bottom first? Heavy or light? • Prokaryotes/eukaryotes • Prokaryotic domains are Bacteria and Archaea

3. If radioactive deoxythymidine triphosphate (dTTP) is added to a culture of rapidly growing bacterial cells, where in the cell would you expect to find the greatest concentration of radioactivity? • A)nucleus • B)cytoplasm • C)endoplasmic reticulum • D)nucleoid • E)ribosomes

4. If radioactive deoxythymidine triphosphate (dTTP) is added to a culture of rapidly growing bacterial cells, where in the cell would you expect to find the greatest concentration of radioactivity? • A)nucleus • B)cytoplasm • C)endoplasmic reticulum • D)nucleoid • E)ribosomes

5. What are the functions of all of the organelles? • What do the filaments do inside the cell? Maintain shape! In the nucleus and in the cytoplasm! • Free ribosomes and rough ER? What is the difference? Proteins for export come from which one?

6. What is a hydrolytic enzyme? • Hydro? Water • Lyse? Split • Hydrolysis : to break bonds • Dehydration synthesis to form bonds

7. What is the endomembrane system? • Continuous, derived from ER and golgi • What organelles are part of it? • Which ones are not part of it? Mitochondria, chloroplast • Where do we think they came from? Why? What do they have to support he theory?

8. How does movement of organelles in a cell occur? • Microtubules and motor proteins (actin)

9. Microtubules control chromosomal movement, make up cilia and flagella • Microfiliments/Actin allows for: amoeboid movement, cleavage furrows, contraction of muscle fibers, and extension of pseudopodia.

10. If an individual has abnormal microtubules, due to a hereditary condition, in which organs or tissues would you expect dysfunction? • A)limbs, hearts, areas with a good deal of contraction • B)microvilli, alveoli, and glomeruli: cellular projections that increase surface area • C)all ducts, such as those from salivary or sebaceous glands, that transport fluids • D)sperm, larynx, and trachea: cells and tissues that contain flagella or cilia • E)phagocytic cells and white blood cells that exhibit amoeboid movement

11. Microtubules control chromosomal movement, make up cilia and flagella

12. If an individual has abnormal microtubules, due to a hereditary condition, in which organs or tissues would you expect dysfunction? • A)limbs, hearts, areas with a good deal of contraction • B)microvilli, alveoli, and glomeruli: cellular projections that increase surface area • C)all ducts, such as those from salivary or sebaceous glands, that transport fluids • D)sperm, larynx, and trachea: cells and tissues that contain flagella or cilia • E)phagocytic cells and white blood cells that exhibit amoeboid movement

13. Animal cells • Extra cellular matrix • what is it • what are integrins? transmembrane protein in animal cells that connects the Ecm with the cytoplasm. Used for communication!

14. Recent evidence shows that signals from the extracellular matrix (ECM) can regulate the expression of genes in the cell nucleus. A likely mechanism is that • A)mechanical signals of the ECM can alter the cytoskeleton, which can alter intracellular signaling. • B)intracellular signals might cause changes in the fibronectin binding to the cell surface. • C)orientation of microtubules to the ECM can change gene activity. • D)integrins that receive signals from the ECM migrate to the nucleus • .E)proteoglycans in the ECM undergo endocytosis and produce intracellular signaling molecules.

15. Recent evidence shows that signals from the extracellular matrix (ECM) can regulate the expression of genes in the cell nucleus. A likely mechanism is that • A)mechanical signals of the ECM can alter the cytoskeleton, which can alter intracellular signaling. • B)intracellular signals might cause changes in the fibronectin binding to the cell surface. • C)orientation of microtubules to the ECM can change gene activity. • D)integrins that receive signals from the ECM migrate to the nucleus • .E)proteoglycans in the ECM undergo endocytosis and produce intracellular signaling molecules.

16. Plant cells • Plasmodesmata similar to gap junctions in animal cells have some space between them!

17. Membrane structure! • amphipathic means having both a hydrophilic and a hydrophobic section, like the phospholipids and the proteins that are integral in the membrane.

18. Know the types of proteins found in the membrane and their functions! • Glycoproteins and glycolipids mainly are for cell to cell recognition • Transport proteins: for getting things across the membrane that are not non- polar or small uncharged ions. • Transmembrane proteins span the membrane many times • Peripherial _ are only on the surface or interior.

19. Carrier proteins are specific, used in facilitated diffusion, require no energy!

20. Apply your knowledge from organic molecules to this chapter! • What are saturated and unsaturated fatty acids? • Characteristics? • Where are they found in cells? What benefit would they provide to organisms living in cold or warm areas?

21. How is the fluid Mosaic membrane model useful in understanding how the cell functions? • What are scientific models? What do they help us figure out? • They are a testable hypotheses. You can design a way to see if your hypothesis will give you the results that are expected or observed in the real world.

22. What is membrane potential? • Ions go with the electro chemical gradient • Through ion channels • Proton pumps increase the electrochemical potential by pumping protons to one side of a membrane. • Sodium/ potassium pumps in animals do this!

23. Exo and endocytosis • Phagocytosis and pinocytosis

24. You are working on a team that is designing a new drug. In order for this drug to work, it must enter the cytoplasm of specific target cells. Which of the following would be a factor that determines whether the molecule selectively enters the target cells? • A)blood or tissue type of the patient • B)hydrophobicity of the drug molecule • C)lack of charge on the drug molecule • D)similarity of the drug molecule to other molecules transported by the target cells • E)lipid composition of the target cells' plasma membrane

25. You are working on a team that is designing a new drug. In order for this drug to work, it must enter the cytoplasm of specific target cells. Which of the following would be a factor that determines whether the molecule selectively enters the target cells? • A)blood or tissue type of the patient • B)hydrophobicity of the drug molecule • C)lack of charge on the drug molecule • D)similarity of the drug molecule to other molecules transported by the target cells • E)lipid composition of the target cells' plasma membrane

26. The solutions in the arms of a U-tube are separated at the bottom of the tube by a selectively permeable membrane. The membrane is permeable to sodium chloride but not to glucose. Side A is filled with a solution of 0.4 M glucose and 0.5 M sodium chloride (NaCl), and side B is filled with a solution containing 0.8 M glucose and 0.4 M sodium chloride. Initially, the volume in both arms is the same. Refer to the figure to answer the following questions.

27. Which side is hypotonic?

28. A .9 M total • B is 1.2 M total • A is hypotonic to B it has less solutes to start. • So B is hyper tonic to A • Water will move from A to B

29. If you examine side A after three days, you should find what has happened?

30. If you examine side A after three days, you should find what has happened? • a decrease in the concentration of NaCl to even it out on both sides with NaCl, and a decrease in the water level. Water will move from high to low or towards the “saltier” area… to B. Because glucose can’t move B will remain at a higher solute concentration.