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Chromates (Hexavalent Chromium)

Chromates (Hexavalent Chromium). ASSE Region III Professional Development Conference Austin, Texas August 7, 2006. Frank M Parker, III CIH, CSP, PE, DEE. Chromates. Chrome Compounds Chrome (II) CrF 2 Green CrCl 2 White CrBr 2 White CrI 2 Red-Brown Chrome (III)

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Chromates (Hexavalent Chromium)

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  1. Chromates(Hexavalent Chromium) ASSE Region III Professional Development Conference Austin, Texas August 7, 2006 Frank M Parker, III CIH, CSP, PE, DEE

  2. Chromates • Chrome Compounds • Chrome (II) • CrF2 Green • CrCl2 White • CrBr2 White • CrI2 Red-Brown • Chrome (III) • CrF3 Green • CrCl3 Red-Violet • CrBr3 Green-Black • CrI3 Black • Cr2O3 Green

  3. Chromates • Chrome Compounds • Chrome (IV) • CrO2 Brown - Black • Chrome (VI) • CrO3 Deep Red K2Cr2O7 • CaCrO4 Yellow Na2Cr2O7·2H2O • PbCrO4 Yellow SrCrO4 • K2CrO4ZnCrO4

  4. Chromates Health Effects • Cr (III) • 50 – 200 µg / day Required in Diet • Irritation, Dermatitis, Allergies • Cr (VI) • Water Soluble • Liver, Kidney, Respiratory • Insoluble • Cancer, Irritation

  5. Chromates • Where Chromates (VI) Are Found • Pigments (paints, inks, & plastics) • Spray Coatings • Stainless Steel • Electroplating & Metal Cleaning • Corrosion Inhibitors • Wood Preservatives • Tanning • Textiles Dyes • Chromate Production

  6. Chromates • Some Occupations at Risk • Petrochemical Workers (III & VI) • Welders (VI) • Painters (III & VI) • Copy Machine Toners (VI) • Battery Makers (VI) • Candle Makers (III & VI) • Dye Makers (III) • Printers (III & VI) • Rubber Makers (III & VI) • Cement Workers (III & VI)

  7. Chromates • Exposure Concentrations (ATSDR) • Stainless Steel Welding: 50 – 400 µg/m3 • Ferrochrome Alloys: 10 – 140 µg/m3 • Chrome Pigments: 60 – 600 µg/m3 • Aircraft Production: 0.02 – 1.5 µg/m3

  8. Chromates Chrome (VI) with OELs (mg/m3 )

  9. Chromates OSHA’s Final Rule Published: February 28, 2006 Effective Date: + 90 days Start up Date: 180 days (1 year for Employers < 20 Workers) Engineering Controls: 4 years

  10. Chromates Permissible Exposure Limits • Chromium (VI) in any form or compound • AL = 2.5 µg/m3 (8 hr. TWA) • PEL = 5 µg/m3 (8 hr. TWA) • Aircraft Industry: 25 µg/m3 + RPE • Portland Cement & Pesticides: NA

  11. Chromates IH Sampling • 8hour TWA: • Sufficient Number of Samples • Each Employee • Full Shift • Each Shift • Each Job Class • Each Work Area Accuracy • For Concentrations ≥ A.L. • Monitoring & Analysis Accuracy = ±25% • Accurate Measurements = 95% C.L.

  12. Chromates Analytical Methods

  13. Chromates • Scientific Challenges • Sampling; Enough volume for LOD • Analysis • Quantifying Concentrations of Metals (Sr, Pb, Ca, etc) • Quantifying Cr+6 • Calculating Exposure Concentrations

  14. Chromates • Calculations • Consume Cr+6 per Hierarchical Method • Sr – 0.005µg/m3First; • Ca – 0.001 µg/m3 Next; • tBCr – 0.001 µg/m3 Next; • Pb – 0.012 µg/m3 Last.

  15. Chromates • Program Challenges • Finding Chromates in the workplace; • Selling the effort necessary to quantify exposures; • Maintaining program for all future use of chromates; • Dealing with PR issues surrounding historical exposures; • Meeting the statistical standards; • Finding substitutes; • Implementing appropriate controls; • Keeping your program between OSHA, ACGIH, NIOSH, etc. and the current state of art and science.

  16. Chromates • Mother Nature Doesn’t Give a Dam! • People don’t do what you expect them to do, they do what you inspect them to do. • Good safety programs are not free. • A significant percentage of your workers will get cancer! • Cancer is not free; someone will pay the bill. The only question is who? • Time is of the essence.

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