The Locomotor System 运动系统

1. The Locomotor System 运动系统

2. ①bones(骨)； ②joints(关节)； ③skeletal muscles (骨骼肌).  locomotor system ①bones(骨) ②joints(关节) skeleton(骨骼)

3. The functions of locomotor system include: ①to provide a framework for the body, ②movement,

4. ③to protect important organs such as brain, heart, lungs, and liver etc. ④ to be a storehouse of minerals, such as calcium, phosphorus etc. ⑤to form blood cells.

5. General Description of Osteology (骨学总论)

6. Ⅰ. What is bone? Bones are the hard organs in the body except teeth. There are 206 bones in adults. They possesses the ability of repairing(修复), regeneration (再生) and reconstruction (重建).

7. Ⅱ. Shape and Classification of Bones

8. 1. Classification of Bones based on positions skull(颅骨) bones of trunk (躯干骨) appendicular bones (附肢骨) bones Bones of upper limb Bones of lower limb appendicular bones

9. skull/cranium Bones of trunk Bones of upper limb Bones of lower limb

10. 2. Classification of Bones based on shape  ①long bones(长骨)  ②short bones(短骨)  ③flat bones (扁骨)  ④irregular bones (不规则骨)  bones

11. Ⅲ. The Structure of Bones ①bony substance(骨质)  ②periosteum (骨膜)  ③bone marrow (骨髓)  bones red bone marrow 红骨髓 bone marrow yellow bone marrow 黄骨髓

12. Ⅳ.The Chemical Composition and Physical Properties of Bones ①organic components 有机成分 ②inorganic components 无机成分 Chemical Composition of Bone in adult, organic /inorganic≈3:7

13. The organic materials (有机质, e.g. collagen) form 30-40% the dry weight of bone. The inorganic materials (无机质, mineral salts, e.g. calcium phosphate) form 60-70% the dry weight of the bone.

14. The organic materials give the bones resilience and toughness; The inorganic materialsgive them hardness and rigidity. The physical properties of the bones depend upon the chemical components.

15. In infants and children, the organic components are relatively more than those in adults, so their bones are softer, and are easy to be deformed.

16. In old people, the inorganic components are comparatively more, and bone fracture(骨折) in the aged people is more often.

17. By submerging a bone in a mineral acid (such as hydrochloric acid, HCl) the salts can be removed, but the organic materials remain. Such a specimen(标本) is flexible. For example, a decalcified (脱钙的) fibula can be tied in a knot.

18. By burning a bone with fire, the organic material is removed, this bone is more brittle than porcelain(瓷器). It is crumbled and fractured easily.

19. Ⅴ.The Blood and Nerve Supply of Bones The bones are furnished with an abundance of fine arterioles and nerves.

20. Epiphysial artery骨骺动脉 Metaphysial artery 干骺端动脉 Nutrient artery 滋养动脉 Periosteal artery 骨膜动脉

21. Ⅵ.The Development of Bones Bone develops from mesoderm(中胚层) at about the eighth gestational week (孕周).

22. ①intramembranous ossification (膜内成骨/膜化骨)  ② intracartilaginous ossification (软骨内成骨/软骨化骨)  patterns of ossification(骨化) :

23. Ⅶ. The Functions of Bones (1)to be the framework of the body; (2) to be the levers for muscles; (3) to protect certain important organs; (4) to be the sites for the development of blood cells; (5) to be the storehouse of calcium and phosphorus.

26. skull Bones of trunk  Humerus 肱骨 Bones of upper limb Radius 桡骨 Hip bone 髋骨 Bones of lower limb femur 股骨 tibia 胫骨

27. bone  articular capsule articular surface joint articular cavity bone

28. skeletal muscle (骨骼肌)

29. origin 起点 insertion 止点  joint 关节

30. flat bone irregular bone long bone  short bone

31. epiphysis骨骺 metaphysis干骺端 shaft骨干 metaphysis干骺端 epiphysis骨骺

32. epiphysial line 骺线 cancellous bone骨松质 compact bone骨密质 medullary cavity骨髓腔

33. bone marrow骨髓 periosteum 骨膜 articular sursace articular cartilage关节软骨

34. Short bones (短骨)Carpal bones Long bones 长骨Metacarpal bones and phalanges Anterior view of right hand bones

35. Long bones 长骨(Metacarpal bones and phalanges)  Short bones 短骨 (tarsal bones 跗骨)

36. flat bones扁骨 calvaria of skull 颅盖骨 outer plate 外板 diploe 板障 inner plate内板

37. cranial cavity 颅腔 

38. irregular bones不规则骨 vertebra椎骨

39. cerebral cranium facial cranium 面颅骨

40. Hip bone 髋骨

41.  Maxillary sinus 上颌窦 Medial view of maxila

42. bony substance 骨质  bone marrow 骨髓 bone periosteum 骨膜 articular sursace articular cartilage关节软骨

43. epiphysial line 骺线 cancellous bone骨松质 bony substance骨质 compact bone骨密质 medullary cavity骨髓腔

44. cancellous bone骨松质 epiphysial line 骺线 compact bone骨密质 medullary cavity骨髓腔

45. cancellous bone骨松质 compact bone骨密质 

46. anterior fontanelle 前囟 posterior fontanelle 后囟 mastoid fontanelle乳突囟 sphenoid fontanelle 蝶囟 skull of new-born baby 新生儿头颅骨

47. Intramembranous ossification means that the ossification takes place in connective fibrous membrane without intervention of cartilage formation. Flat bones and many irregular bones are developed in this form. 

48. epiphysial line骺线 epiphysial cartilage骺软骨 secondary center次级骨化中心 primary center 初级骨化中心

49. Intracartilaginous ossification (软骨内成骨/软骨化骨) means that the ossification takes place in cartilage models. Long bones are formed by this form.

50. Most of the epiphysial cartilage is completely ossified during the 18th - 20th year, one or two years earlier in girls than in boys. The development of skeleton is finished entirely in the 25th year. 