Introduction to Modern Literary Theory

Introduction to Modern Literary Theory A discussion of theory, why we use it, and how it helps us understand what we read.

What is modern theory? • Theory is a way to approach a text to gain a better understanding of its meaning • Theory changes with time and new theories are always being added to the traditional • Theory tries to explain why authors and texts exist and what messages they are sending to readers

Takes a text as an autonomous object, non-related to the author, the culture, or the event it stems from Explores the “world” within the text Started in 1920’s and 1930’s Suggested Websites: "New Criticism Explained" by Dr. Warren Hedges (Southern Oregon University) "Definition of the New Criticism" - virtuaLit (Beford-St. Martin's Resource) New Criticism

Intentional Fallacy - equating the meaning of a poem with the author's intentions. Affective Fallacy - confusing the meaning of a text with how it makes the reader feel. A reader's emotional response to a text generally does not produce a reliable interpretation. Heresy of Paraphrase - assuming that an interpretation of a literary work could consist of a detailed summary or paraphrase. Close reading "a close and detailed analysis of the text itself to arrive at an interpretation without referring to historical, authorial, or cultural concerns" (Bressler) KEY TERMS:

Advantages - Do not have to know the author’s background -Do not have to be familiar with historical context -Can analyze language and imagery… Disadvantages -Text seen in isolation -Cannot account for allusions -Ignores context of work -Reduces literature to a series of rhetorical devices Advantages and Disadvantages

Example: • Using Poisonwood Bible, what would this critical approach (new criticism) focus on and what would it leave out?

Sees art and literature as forced by the conditions that existed in history Deals with clash between classes Articulation of dominant class Art reflects age in which it was created Suggested Websites: "Definition of Marxist Criticism" - virtuaLit (Bedford-St. Martin's resource) Marxist Theory and Criticism - from the Johns Hopkins Guide to Literary Criticism "Marxism and Ideology" by Dr. Mary Klages - University of Colorado at Boulder Marxism

Commodification – Wanting thing not for their use but their ability to impress others or to sell Conspicuous consumption – Getting things merely for selling or trading Dialectical materialism – the eternal struggle to find a solution among conflicting ideologies to bring about change Material circumstances - the economic conditions underlying a society Reflectionism - the superstructure of a society mirrors its economic base and, by extension, that a text reflects the society that produced it Superstructure - The social, political, and ideological systems and institutions that are generated by the people Key Terms:

Advantages Look at the work in the context it was written Allows you to research and understand the culture more Can see multiple perspectives from dominant and dependent classes Disadvantages Have to be aware of the culture and economic system in place when written Have to assume “the man” was out to get the people Has to be a class conflict, not race or gender (class matters most) Advantages and Disadvantages

Example • What is a major class conflict that you have seen in a movie or read in literature recently? What was the dominant class’ point of view? What was the inferior class’ point of view? Briefly analyze how this conflict was resolved or how it should have been resolved using Marxist theory.

Analyzes reader’s role in production of meaning Text itself means nothing until someone reads it Reading is a function of personal identity Authors use strategies to elicit responses from readers Suggested Websites: "Reader Response: Various Positions" - Dr. John Lye - Brock University Reader Response Theory and Criticism - Johns Hopkins Guide to Literary Theory & Criticism "The Author, the Text, and the Reader" - Clarissa Lee Ai Ling, The London School of Journalism Reader-Response Theory

Horizons of expectations - a reader's "expectations" or frame of reference is based on the reader's past experience of literature and what preconceived notions about literature the reader possesses Implied reader - the implied reader is "a hypothetical reader of a text”, a construct that is unrelated to the “real” reader -Developed by Wolfgang Iser Interpretive communities - a concept, articulated by Stanley Fish, that readers within an "interpretive community" share reading strategies, values and interpretive assumptions Transactional analysis - a concept developed by Louise Rosenblatt asserting that meaning is produced in a transaction of a reader with a text. As an approach, then, the critic would consider "how the reader interprets the text as well as how the text produces a response in her" Key Terms:

Advantages No one interpretation Interpretations change over time Disadvantages Can be too subjective No clear criteria to account for differences from one reader to the next Highly personal at times Advantages and Disadvantages

Postmodernism • For Jean Baudrillard, postmodernism marks a culture composed "of disparate fragmentary experiences and images that constantly bombard the individual in music, video, television, advertising and other forms of electronic media. The speed and ease of reproduction of these images mean that they exist only as image, devoid of depth, coherence, or originality"

Postmodernist Theories: • Deconstruction • Hermeneutics • Semiotics

Deconstruction: • Sees literature as fluid parts and not one whole, with multiple meanings and ways to look at and not one large meaning. • Infinite number of signifiers • Deconstruction - Stanford University • Deconstruction - Johns Hopkins Guide to Literary Theory & Criticism

Hermeneutics: • Sees interpretation as a circular process whereby valid interpretation can occur by seeing the literary work as a whole and as a combination of its parts • Can analyze the historical authorial intent and at the same time the language within the text to gain understanding • Phenomenology Online - page developed by Max van Manen

Semiotics: • The science of signs • Proposes that human actions and productions have shared meaning to a group of people • Linguistics is a branch of semiotics • "Semiotics for Beginners" - Dr. David Chandler (University of Wales) • Semiotics - Johns Hopkins Guide to Literary Theory & Criticism

Signified and Signifier • Sign vs. Symbol - According to Saussure, "words are not symbols which correspond to referents, but rather are 'signs' which are made up of two parts: a mark,either written or spoken, called a 'signifier,' and a concept (what is 'thought' when the mark is made), called a 'signified‘”. • Meaning--the interpretation of a sign--can exist only in relationship with other signs. (I.e. The stoplight color red signifies "stop," even though "there is no natural bond between red and stop“) (105). • Meaning is derived entirely through difference, e.g., referring back to the traffic lights' example, red's meaning depends on the fact that it is not green and not amber

Applying the principles of psychologists like Sigmund Freud and Jung to a literary work Analyzing characters within the work Analyze writer’s psyche, writing process, or the influence of the writer’s thoughts on the novel Effects of literature on readers Suggested Websites: "Definition of Psychoanalytic Criticism" from virtuaLit (Bedford-St.Martin's resource) "Introduction to Psychoanalysis" by Dr. Dino Felluga "The Mind and the Book: A Long Look at Psychoanalytic Criticism" by Norman N. Holland Psychoanalytic Criticism

Freud's model of the psyche: ·Id - completely unconscious part of the psyche that serves as a storehouse of our desires, wishes, and fears. The id houses the libido, the source of psychosexual energy. Ego - mostly to partially conscious part of the psyche that processes experiences and operates as a mediator between the id and superego. Superego - often thought of as one's "conscience"; the superego operates "like an internal censor [encouraging] moral judgments in light of social pressures" (Bressler) Key Terms: • Jungian Approach: • Three parts of self • -Shadow (dark part of self) • -Persona (social part of personality) • -Anima (man’s “soul image”) • Neurosis occurs when someone fails to assimilate one of these levels of unconsciousness into his or her conscious and projects it onto someone else.

Key Terms: (cont…) • Unconscious - the irrational part of the psyche unavailable to a person's consciousness except through dissociated acts or dreams.

Advantages Can help understand works with characters who have obvious psychological issues Helps us understand the writer’s mind and therefore his work Disadvantages Makes literature a scientific case study Can we psychologically analyze dead writers? Not all works allow for this approach Sex is overdone Advantages and Disadvantages

Example: • Choose a text that you have read, other than Poisonwood Bible, where you could do a psychological analysis on a character. Who is that character and what are his or her issues? Use the information from Freud or Jung.

Concerned with impact of gender on writing and reading Desire for a new literary canon (not men) Deals with conflicts between often dominate male and inferior female in traditional literature Deals with female issues Suggested Websites: Approaches to Feminism - Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy "What is Feminism and Why Do We Have to Talk About It So Much?" by Dr. Mary Klages - University of Colorado at Boulder Feminist Theory: An Overview - Elixabeth Lee - The Victorian Web Feminism

Androgeny- world without genders Écriture féminine- style, women must write about their experiences to strengthen the work Essentialism- a female image above and beyond social constructs Phallologocentrism - language ordered around an absolute Word (logos) which is “masculine” [phallic], systematically excludes, disqualifies, denigrates, diminishes, silences the “feminine” Key Terms:

Advantages Allows for more female authors’ works to be read Get to see an alternative perspective in literature Understand women more Not all “dead white men” Disadvantages Often attack works solely based on male authorship Often too theoretical Distinct female style often excludes elements that get novels into the canon Advantages and Disadvantages

Example • Look at a novel by Barbara Kingsolver from the feminist perspective, whether it be The Bean Trees or Poisonwood Bible. What elements exist to show this political battlefield that often exists in feminist literature. List characteristics that make the novel feminist.

Takes the work and looks at it in context of the world it came out of (opposite of New Criticism) Good to use for Shakespearean works as well as older works, to gain more understanding of authors and impact Analyzes historically accurate influences on author and storyline. Sources -Any sight that deals with the history of the time period a novel, play, or poem was written in Historical/Cultural CriticismA.K.A. New Historicism

The intentional fallacy: meaning of a work is determined by author’s intention Key Terms:

Advantages To fully understand works by some authors, one must be able to understand where they are coming from. For example, Milton was blind and one must know that to get any meaning out of his essay “On His Blindness” Necessary to place allusions in appropriate context Good to recognize patterns Disadvantages Reduces art to level of biography Works not necessarily seen as universal Can date certain works (feel not as applicable to modern life.) Advantages and Disadvantages

Example • Choose a text that you have recently read and are familiar with. What was your personal response to that text? Why did you react the way you did while reading it? What did you see in the text that caused you to react in one way or another?

Philosophy (Satre and Camus) that views each person as an isolated being thrust into a universe with no truths, values, or meanings Nothing to nothing All choices possible Absurd and anguished Condemned to be free Suggested Websites: "Existentialism" - Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy "The Ethics of Absolute Freedom" by Dr. David Banach "Jean-Paul Sartre: The Humanism of Existentialism" by Dr. Bob Zunjic (University of Rhode Island) Existentialism

Absurd - a term used to describe existence--a world without inherent meaning or truth. Authenticity - to make choices based on an individual code of ethics (commitment) rather than because of societal pressures. A choice made just because "it's what people do" would be considered inauthentic. "Leap of faith" - although Kierkegaard acknowledged that religion was inherently unknowable and filled with risks, faith required an act of commitment (the "leap of faith"); the commitment to Christianity would also lessen the despair of an absurd world. Key Terms:

Advantages Ultimate choice is the character’s, no external pull Potential explanation for need for religion Disadvantages Confined by constructs of society Can drive you insane Why are we here then? I might as well just die Advantages and Disadvantages

School of thought that existed in the post-European empire period, the body of theoretical literature that existed in that time Takes us back to time and place to examine works (resurrect culture) Free from modern constructs of history Suggested Websites: "Post-Colonialism" - Wikipedia Encyclopedia "Some Issues in Postcolonial Theory" by Dr. John Lye (Brock University) "Introduction to Postcolonial Studies" by Dr. Deepika Bahri (Emory University) Post-colonialism

Alterity – Being different than one’s community Diaspora- Being forced as an ethnic culture to leave original homeland and dispersed throughout world Eurocentrism –an emphasis on European or Western beliefs, often at expense of other cultures. Aligned with current and past power structures in the world. Hybridity - The assimilation and adaptation of cultural practices, the cross-fertilization of cultures; can be seen as positive, enriching, and dynamic, as well as as oppressive Imperialism- If you don’t know it I don’t know you… Key Terms:

Advantages Forces us to look at lost cultures and the origins of alternative cultures (non-Western) Considers literature in context and therefore makes it easier to understand at times Disadvantages Hard to completely remove from modern realm Have to assume there is an oppressed people in order to use Cannot apply to all Western works Advantages and Disadvantages

Example • Consider some of the American Literature that you read last year. Was any of it from a perspective other than a colonist? A European? A white male? Were there any characters that stood out as not fitting into their culture or society? How or why?

So… • Now you have the basics, and when I say that I mean BARE minimum you need to know to begin to understand the literary criticisms you will become familiar with this year. Keep your notes as we will refer back to them often, as we read literary criticisms of the novels we read and as we start to analyze literature ourselves. • YOU HAVE THE KEYS, unlock the doors 

Sources: • Dr. Kristie Siegel www.kristisiegel.com/theory.htm • Skylar Hamilton Burris “Literary Resources Criticism” http://editorskylar.tripod.com • www.theory.org.uk • Richter, David H. (2000). Falling Into Theory. Boston: Bedford/St. Martins.

Introduction to Modern Literary Theory