Temirbekova M.Y. - teacher of department’s History of Kazakhstan and SPD, Master of Humanities

1. KARAGANDA STATE MEDICAL UNIVERSITYDepartment: History of Kazakhstan and social-political disciplines Lecture 17 Russian philosophy in context of Russian culture of XIX – XX cc. Diary of doctor N.I. Pirogov as example of philosophical thought Temirbekova M.Y. - teacher of department’s History of Kazakhstan and SPD, Master of Humanities

2. Brief contents • Stages of development of Russian philosophy • Thoughts of Slavophilism and Western intellectual movement • Legacy of N.I. Pirogov

3. Stages of development of Russian philosophy • Development of Russian philosophy: • Mythology • Byzantium philosophy has effect on theological & philosophic thoughts from 988; • The 1st Russian philosopher was metropolitan Illarion, who based concept of significant role of Russia in the becoming of Christianity. • The central problem of philosophy of XIV –XVI was question of God & world, sense and truth of Holy book, searching the truth and spiritual education. Political philosophy has took important place in the views of Russian philosophy in the beginning of XVI. • XVII to the beginning of XIX was period of westernization for Russia. The representatives are M.V. Lomonosov (1711-1765), G.S. Skovoroda (1722—1794). , A.N. Radischev (1749-1802) • Radischev A.N. believed in immortal soul. According to him the sense of life in achievement of pleasure, & ideal way of life. So, after death a human being takes the other body, more ideal then before. • The second half of XIX c. is the time when philosophy looking the unordinary way of Russia (Pushkin, Herzen, Kireevskii, Danilevsky, etc. )

4. There are three strims: (1) consiousness (faith -knowledge); (2) values (altruism –selfishness) (3) action (apolitism -revolutionism) • The main problem of philosophy is future of Russia: or –monarchy, or –European republic • Three Philosophic thought is represented by Slavophilism, Westernizm, & Eurasianism. • Slavophilia is an intellectual movement originating from 19th century that wanted the Russian Empire to be developed upon values and institutions derived from its early history. • IvanKireevsky (1806 - 1856) • FyodorTyutchev (1803 - 1873) • NikolayDanilevsky (1822 - 1885) • FyodorDostoevsky (1821 - 1881)

5. The Slavophiles held that Western culture was in a state of terminal moral and social decline, suffering from an excess of rationalism, which had led to social atomization and the fragmentation of the individual psyche. These divisions could be healed only by religious faith in its purest form, Russian Orthodoxy, whose spirit of organic ‘togetherness’, uncontaminated by Western rationalism, they presented as a model for Russian society and a beacon for mankind. • SlavaNoviy believed the Russian culture is good base for creation the new world culture, because European culture and church has lost its pure & initial base of Christianity. Philosophy of Khomyakov • Khomiakov called for a return to traditional Orthodoxy. “Introduction to On Spiritual Unity”. • Khomiakov insists on the doctrine of sobornost, or “organic togetherness.” Sobornost, as explained by Riasanovsky, is an integration of love, freedom, and truth which was the very fundamental nature of Orthodoxy.

6. “Russian is most humble nation, and Russian monarchy is the best example of this” • The main aim of slavanophilism to keep national tradition, national identification; PyotrChaadaev (1794 - 1856) • 'Philosophical Letter’ which posed Russia’s relationship to the West as a central philosophical problem, maintaining that Russia’s historical separation from the culture of Western Christianity precluded its participation in the movement of history towards the establishment of a universal Christian society. • The church was guiding humanity to the Kingdom of god, and that the Kingdom of God had already been partly established in the West. Russia had derived its Christianity from «misarable, despite Byzantium»; its «religious separatism» had thus closed the country off from universal historical development. «Isoleted in the world»

7. VissarionBelinsky (1811 - 1848) • VissarionBelinsky’s concept: the individuals that is the main values of society. Before human being is subordinated and obey the will of someone he suffers The best form of government for humans is socialism. • Education is one way to the good future; • Church is darkness, chains, whip • Russians are atheists; • Socialism is the best form of government; Fyodor Dostoevsky (1821 - 1881) • is a Russian fiction writer, essayist and philosopher; • Crime and Punishment and The Brothers Karamazov. • Dostoyevsky's literary output explores human psychology in the troubled political, social and spiritual context of 19th-century Russian society • Dostoyevsky has also been called one of the founding fathers of the philosophical movement known as existentialism; • «The mystery of the man», was not only that human being combine in themselves both human and divine elements, but that the realization of the divine depends on the humen freedom.

8. Legacy of N. I. Pirogov • NikolayIvanovichPirogov (1810-1881) was a prominent Russian scientist, doctor, pedagogue, public figure, and corresponding member of the Russian Academy of Sciences (1847). He is considered to be the founder of field surgery, and was one of the first surgeons in Europe to use ether as an anesthetic. He was the first surgeon to use anesthesia in a field operation (1847), invented various kinds of surgical operations, and developed his own technique of using plaster casts to treat fractured bones. He is one of the most widely recognized Russian physicians. • Legacy • NikolayPirogov was from 1847 corresponding member of the Russian Academy of Sciences and received in 1844, 1851 and 1860 the Demidov Prize by the academy. He was appointed honorary citizen of Moscow in 1881. The Pirogov Society was founded four years after his death, which aims for better medical training and treatment in Russia.

9. The Pirogov Museum is located in his birth town at his former estate and clinic. Near this 1947 building is a mausoleum which is used as a family chapel and in which his embalmed body is visible in public. The large Pirogov Hospital is located in Sofia, Bulgaria and the 2506 Pirogov asteroid, discovered in August 1976 by Russian astronomer Nikolai Chernykh, was named in honour of him. The medical universities Russian National Research Medical University and Odessa State Medical University were formerly named after him, until the Russian Revolution. Stamps with his portrait were published in the Soviet Union in 1949 and his 150th anniversary in 1960. The highest humanitarian prize in the Soviet Union was the Pirogov Gold Medal. • Apart from his developed foot amputation techniques, several anatomical structures were named after him, such as the Pirogoff angle; the Pirogoffaponeurosis, a structure from fascia and the aponeurosis of the biceps; the Pirogoff triangle, a triangular area located between the mylohyoid muscle, the intermediate tendon of the musculusdigastricus and the hypoglossal nerve.