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Content TCM herbs in traditionally defined properties

Lecture 9 TCM Herbs in Traditionally Defined Properties Y.Z. Chen Department of Pharmacy National University of Singapore Tel: 65-6616-6877; Email: phacyz@nus.edu.sg ; Web: http://bidd.nus.edu.sg. Content TCM herbs in traditionally defined properties

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Content TCM herbs in traditionally defined properties

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  1. Lecture 9 TCM Herbs in Traditionally Defined PropertiesY.Z. ChenDepartment of PharmacyNational University of SingaporeTel: 65-6616-6877; Email: phacyz@nus.edu.sg ; Web: http://bidd.nus.edu.sg • Content • TCM herbs in traditionally defined properties • Digitization of TCM herbs in traditionally defined properties • Classification methods for identifying TCM recipes • TCM herb pairs • TCM combination therapy

  2. Herb Property 1. Four Characters （四性） 2. Five Taste （五味） 3. Meridian （归经） 4. Lifting, lowering, floating and sinking （升降浮沉） TCM herbs in traditionally defined properties

  3. 1. Four Characters 四性 (Qi) ( The temperature Characteristic ) Clinic Practicing Treating cold syndrome with hot-natured drugs (or heating the cold). Treating heat syndrome with cold-natured drugs ( or cooling the heat) Identify the “Real cold syndrome with fake heat syndromes” or “Real heat syndromes with fake cold syndromes” According to the development of disease to choose proper herbs Treating both heat & cold symptoms with both cold & hot natured drugs TCM herbs in traditionally defined properties

  4. 2. Five Taste 五味 TCM herbs in traditionally defined properties

  5. 3. Meridian 归经 Herb agents target specific channels within the body to effect a change in that channel TCM herbs in traditionally defined properties

  6. TCM herbs in traditionally defined properties

  7. TCM herbs in traditionally defined properties

  8. 4. lifting, lowering, floating and sinking 升降浮沉 Varying disease often appear to bear a tendency to move upward, downward, towards the exterior or the interior. Corresponding to the above, the direction of actions of medicinal herbs on human body also have the lifting, lowering, floating and sinking distinction TCM herbs in traditionally defined properties

  9. TCM herbs in traditionally defined properties

  10. TCM herbs in traditionally defined properties

  11. Digitization of TCM herbs in traditionally defined properties

  12. Digitization of TCM herbs in traditionally defined properties

  13. Digitization of TCM herbs in traditionally defined properties

  14. Digitization of TCM herbs in traditionally defined properties

  15. Feature vectors: Positive examples Descriptor Negative examples Feature vector Geometric Picture of Digital Representation A=(1, 1, 1) B=(0, 1, 1) C=(1, 1, 1) D=(0, 1, 1) E=(0, 0, 0) F=(1, 0, 1)

  16. Z Input space F B A E Y X Geometric Picture of Digital Representation Feature vectors in input space: Feature vector A=(1, 1, 1) B=(0, 1, 1) C=(1, 1, 1) D=(0, 1, 1) E=(0, 0, 0) F=(1, 0, 1)

  17. Classification methods for identifying TCM recipes kNN method

  18. Classification methods for identifying TCM recipes Support Vector Machines (SVM) method

  19. Classification methods for identifying TCM recipes Support Vector Machines (SVM) method

  20. Classification methods for identifying TCM recipes

  21. Classification methods for identifying TCM recipes

  22. Compatibility of TCM Herb Pairs 1. Mutual reinforcement （相须） 2. Mutual assistance （相使 ） 3. Mutual restraint or detoxication（相畏 or相杀） 4. Mutual Antagonism （相恶） 5. Mutual Incompatibility （相反） TCM Herb Pairs

  23. TCM Herb Pairs 1. Mutual reinforcement （相须） That is, two or more ingredients with similar properties and effects are used in combination to reinforce each other’s action

  24. TCM Herb Pairs 2. Mutual assistance （相使 ） • That is, Chinese medicinal herbs that are not certainly similar but have some relationship in the aspect of medicinal properties and actions are used in combination, in which one herb is taken as the dominate factor and the others as its assistants to raise its therapeutic effects.

  25. TCM Herb Pairs 3. Mutual restraint or detoxification（相畏or相杀） • That is, mutual restraining effect of different medicines to weaken or neutralize each other’s harmfulness, such as toxicity or side-effects.

  26. Mutual Antagonism (相恶) The ability of two substances to minimize or neutralize each other’s positive effects TCM Herb Pairs

  27. Mutual Incompatibility (相反) Cause side effects or toxicity if use together TCM Herb Pairs

  28. TCM Herb Pairs

  29. TCM Herb Pairs

  30. TCM Herb Pairs TCM herbal ingredient pairs displaying pharmacokinetic synergism By inhibiting the actions of the drug efflux transporters, resulting in an accumulation of the TCM herbal ingredients and thus a potentiation of their effects in the target cells. An example is the combination of genistein (from Semen Sojae Praeparata, Oleum Glycines, Radix Sophorae Japoniae, Flos Sophorae, Fructus Sophorae, Folium Sophorae Japoniae, Semen Glycines Max, Caulis Spatholobi, Radix Sophorae Tonkinensis) and paclitaxel (from Taxus Chinensis)

  31. TCM Herb Pairs Mechanism of synergistic actions of paclitaxel and genistein

  32. TCM Herb Pairs TCM herbal ingredient pairs displaying pharmacokinetic synergism By modulating its metabolism, resulting in an accumulation of the TCM herbal ingredient and thus a potentiation of their effects in the target cells. An example is the combination of TCM herbal ingredient pair comprising of caffeine (from Radix Camellia Sinensis, Folium Camelliae Sinensis, Fructus Camellia Sinensis, Folium Ilicis Cornutae, Cortex Firmianae Plantanifoliae, Radix Firmianae Plantanifoliae, Flos Firmianae Plantanifoliae, Folium Firmianae Plantanifoliae, Semen Firmianae) and apigenin (from Herba Lagotidis, Flos Campsis, Herba Artemisiae Anomalae, Herba Ephedrae, Flos Buddlejae, Herba Artemisiae Anomalae, Flos Genkwa, Radix seu Cortex Daphnes Genkwae, Radix Campsis Grandiflorae)

  33. TCM Herb Pairs Mechanism of synergistic actions of caffeine and apigenin

  34. TCM Herb Pairs TCM herbal ingredient pairs displaying pharmacodynamic synergism The combination of eugenol (from Fructus Artemisiae Argyi, Folium Artemisiae Argyi, Caulis Perillae Frutescentis, Folium Perillae Frutescentis, Dianthus Superbus, Fructus Perillae Preparata, Alpinia Galangae, Flos Caryophylli, Radix Syzygii Aromatic, Liquor Destillata Caryophylli, Cortex Syzygii Aromatic, Ramulus Syzygii Aromatic, Fructus Galangae, Pericarpium Zanthoxyli, Flos Lonicerae, Herba Asari) and low concentration of quercetin (from Herba Patriniae Scabiosaefoliae, Herba Patriniae, Radix Bupleuri, Herba Euphorbiae Humifusae, Radix Lamiophlomidis Rotatae, Rhizoma Alpiniae Officinarum, Herba Hyperici, Herba Lagotidis, Cannabis Sativa L.,

  35. TCM Herb Pairs TCM herbal ingredient pairs displaying pharmacodynamic synergism Radix Astragali, Fructus Ligustri Lucidi, Herba Artemisiae Annuae, Radix Artemiiae Annua, Semen Artemisiae, Herba Taxilli, Fructus Quisqualis, Radix Quisqualis Indica, Herba Pyrolae Chinensis, Herba Ephedrae) exerts an anti-allergic and anti-inflammatory effect that alleviates allergic rhinitis, which is congruous to the therapeutic effect of the TCM herbal pair, Herba Asari and Herba Ephedrae, containing eugenol and quercetin respectively. This TCM herbal pair has been used to treat allergic rhinitis. The similarity in therapeutic effect of the TCM herbal ingredient pair and the TCM herbal pair can be a sign of possible synergism between the ingredients in the TCM herbal ingredient pair.

  36. TCM Herb Pairs Mechanism of synergistic actions of eugenol and quercetin (low concentration)

  37. TCM Combination Therapy Case study 1: Antidepressant activity of St. John’s Wort St. John’s Wort (SJW) is an extract from the plant Hypericum perforatum L. Numerous clinical trials have shown that SJW had significant antidepressant efficacy and lower side effects than standard antidepressants. In many countries, it has been widely used for the treatment of mild to moderate forms of depression. SJW has been included in the pharmacopoeias of Germany and the US. The main active ingredients of SJW are hyperforin (HP), hypericin (HY), pseudohypericin (PH), amentoflavone (AF), and several flavonoids (FL)

  38. TCM Combination Therapy Case study 1: Antidepressant activity of St. John’s Wort

  39. TCM Combination Therapy Case study 1: Antidepressant activity of St. John’s Wort

  40. TCM Combination Therapy Case study 2: The effect of Realgar-Indigo naturalis formula (RIF) on acute promyelocytic leukemia (APL) TCM formula RIF has been used in China to treat APL since 1980s. RIF consists of four herbs, realgar, Indigo naturalis, Salvia miltiorrhiza, and Radix pseudostellariae. In TCM theory, multiple agents contained in one formula must work synergistically. Realgar is regarded as the principal component of the formula RIF, and the other three are adjuvant components to assist the effect of realgar. The main active compounds of realgar, Indigo naturalis and Salvia miltiorrhiza are tetraarsenic tetrasulfide (As4S4, A), indirubin (I) and tanshinone IIA (T), respectively.

  41. TCM Combination Therapy Case study 2: The effect of Realgar-Indigo naturalis formula (RIF) on acute promyelocytic leukemia (APL) A) Protein interaction network. (B) Protein-pathway association network.

  42. TCM Combination Therapy Case study 2: The effect of Realgar-Indigo naturalis formula (RIF) on acute promyelocytic leukemia (APL)

  43. TCM Combination Therapy Comparison with combination therapy in Western medicine

  44. TCM Combination Therapy Comparison with combination therapy in Western medicine

  45. TCM Combination Therapy Comparison with combination therapy in Western medicine

  46. TCM Combination Therapy Comparison with combination therapy in Western medicine

  47. Acknowledgement • Current Group Members: • Computer-Aided Drug Design: CY Ung, XH Ma, XH Liu, Pankaj Kumar, F Zhu, X Liu, J Jia • Protein Function, Interaction, Network: HL Zhang, CY Ung, XH Ma, F Zhu, WK Teo, Z Shi • Databases and Servers: J Jia • Medicinal Herb: CY Ung, Pankaj Kumar, Cao Jinyi(undergraduate students) • Microarray and biomarkers: J Jia, ZQ Tang • Former Members: • PhD: • ZW Cao (Prof SCBIT, Tongji U), ZL Ji (Assoc Prof Xiamen U), X Chen (Assoc Prof Zhejiang U), • CW Yap (Assist Prof NUS), LY Han (Postdoc NIH), CJ Zheng (Postdoc NIH), • HH Lin (Postdoc Harvard ), J Cui (Postdoc U Georgia), H Li (Postdoc Einstein College Med) • Research Fellow/Assistant: • ZR Li (Assoc Prof SiChuan U), Y Xue (Prof SiChuan U), W Liu (Assoc Prof DUT), • D Mi (Assoc Prof DUT), CZ Cai (Prof ChongQing U), DG Zhi (Postdoc, Berkeley), • MSc: • Y.J. Guo (Postdoc NIH), L.Z. Sun (RA, U Tenn.), J. F. Wang (MSU), L.X. Yao (Columbia), • S Ong (Washington U), H Zhou (local company), B Xie (local company) • BSc: • W.K. Yeo (IMCB, Novartis)

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