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Paris Peace Conference and Treaty of Versailles

Paris Peace Conference and Treaty of Versailles. Wilson is the dominant figure. Paris chosen at French insistence: triumph and revenge Allies grudgingly accept his Fourteen Points as basis for negotiation Once war is won Allies return to nationalistic policies

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Paris Peace Conference and Treaty of Versailles

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  1. Paris Peace Conference and Treaty of Versailles

  2. Wilson is the dominant figure • Paris chosen at French insistence: triumph and revenge • Allies grudgingly accept his Fourteen Points as basis for negotiation • Once war is won Allies return to nationalistic policies • War only lately defined as a war for democracy

  3. Thus a contest between old and new (Wilson's) nationalism • League was Wilson's favorite theme - willing to make sacrifices for it • What Wilson wanted most Republicans wanted least • Wilson's absence for one month - made treaty a hasty piece of work

  4. Organization of conference • Plenary session - January 18, 1919 - after that rare • Work done in committees • Usual diplomatic horse-trading; • Slanted pleas; • France and Britain bring diplomats; • Wilson brings professors and Colonel House

  5. : Big Four (George, Clemenceau, Wilson, Orlando) • Lloyd George • prisoner of his supporters : Tory nationalists; dominion prime ministers • "Khaki Election" of December 1918 • Wilson • the idealistic leader • he is operating without a mandate

  6. Clemenceau • refuses to budge from bedrock demands • on homeground - gives him an advantage • patriot and realist (50 years of political experience) • demand: security from German invasion • Foch and "natural" frontier

  7. Conference Results in 5 treaties • Treaty of Versailles – Germany • St Germain – Austria • Trianon – Hungary • Nueilly – Bulgaria • Serves - Turkey

  8. Main terms of Treaty of Versailles • 1) the surrender of all German colonies as League of Nations mandates; (2) the return of Alsace-Lorraine to France; (7) occupation and special status for the Saar under French control; (8) demilitarization and a fifteen-year occupation of the Rhineland; (9) German reparations of £6,600 million;

  9. (10) a ban on the union of Germany and Austria; (11) an acceptance of Germany's guilt in causing the war (Art. 231)(12) limitation of Germany's army to 100,000 men with no conscription, no tanks, no heavy artillery, no poison-gas supplies, no aircraft and no airships; (13) the limitation of the German Navy to vessels under 100,000 tons, with no submarines;

  10. Germany signed the Versailles Treaty under protest. The USA Congress refused to ratify the treaty. Many people in France and Britain were angry that there was no trial of the Kaiser or the other war leaders.

  11. Other effects upon Europe • 3 monarchies destroyed • A-H broken up – many small countries formed • Yugoslavia formed • Poland reconstitued

  12. Territorial Changes

  13. Things to consider • Germany forced to accept treaty • US doesn’t ratify • Soviet Union not invited(civil war still going on) • League of Nations doesn’t include US, Germany or Soviet Union • Many prominent people criticized treaty • John Maynard Keynes – economic consequences of Peace • Ferdinand Foch – “…not a treaty…ceasefire for twenty years”

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