THE CHANGING SOUTH (CHAPTER 9: PART 1)

1. THE CHANGING SOUTH(CHAPTER 9: PART 1)

2. INTRODUCTION • The South has maintained a deeper regional sense than any other part of the U.S. • Regionality is reinforced uniformly by people from across the U.S. • Tremendous diversity within the South, with many sub-regions possessing their own versions of southern culture • "Deep South" refers not to geographic location, but to the source area (and the area of greatest intensity) of Southern culture. • The region is outlined on the map on page 163 (also note the fall line cities).

3. THE CHANGING SOUTH

4. MAJOR COMPONENTS OF SOUTHERN CULTURE • Agrarian • Strong Rural Provincialism • Lack of Influence from Non-British Sources • Persistent Adherence to Various Protestant Religions • Amalgamation of Southern White and African Cultures • Antiblack/Pro-Slavery Attitude

5. MAJOR COMPONENTS OF SOUTHERN CULTURE • Agrarian • Spatial organization was based on the early plantation economy • Rural population spread evenly, with the few large cities having an export orientation • Cities were located on the coast or at major transport routes along inland waterways. • Strong Rural Provincialism • Rural isolation resulted in the development of distinctly local allegiances.

6. MAJOR COMPONENTS OF SOUTHERN CULTURE • Lack of Influence from Non-British Sources • Immigration limited due to a lack of opportunities available within a plantation economy. • Region was already well established by 1840 by English and Scots-Irish • Persistent Adherence to Various Protestant Religions • Numerically dominated by Baptists • A significant number of Methodists and Episcopalians

8. MAJOR COMPONENTS OF SOUTHERN CULTURE • Amalgamation of Southern White and African Cultures • Cultural borrowing affected patterns of speech, diet, and music. • Amalgamation process ≠ transculturation or acculturation. • Antiblack/Pro-Slavery Attitude • Supported the plantation system • Required to justify the practice

9. IMPACT OF CIVIL WAR • Largest % of Civil War battles were fought on Southern soil • Economic Infrastructure • Railroads were disrupted or left in disrepair. • Equipment was confiscated. • Shipping terminals were left in ruins. • Confederate currency and bonds were worthless. • The labor supply was formally eliminated. • Large land holdings were heavily taxed and/or subdivided.

10. IMPACT OF CIVIL WAR • Cultural Impacts • Inhabitants were largely dependent on agriculture. • Sharecropping prevailed in the absence of other opportunities. • Poverty was rampant. • Anti-black sentiments became widespread.

11. SEGREGATION • Separation of the total population into 2 or more societies • Originally permitted by the Supreme Court, as long as "equality" was ensured • Jim Crow Laws • A series of restrictive laws passed by each of the southern states after the departure of federal troops in the early 1890s • Purpose was to establish total legal separation. • Dejure Segregation • Spatial and social separation of populations that occurs as a consequence of legal measures

12. % AFRICAN AMERICAN

13. THE INDUSTRIAL TRIANGLE • Location - Chattanooga, Atlanta, Birmingham • Situation (Early 1800s) • Chattanooga - a center of iron production • Birmingham - produced high quality coking coal • Atlanta - a major transport focus and housed numerous subsidiary industries by the end of the century • Based on the principle of complementarity, significant economic interaction ensued among the three cities.

14. THE INDUSTRIAL TRIANGLE • Birmingham Differential • Pricing policy imposed and enforced by the U.S. Steel Company on all users of Alabama Steel. • Consumers required to pay the price of steel in Pittsburgh, plus the freight cost from Birmingham, and a tax of $3.00 per ton • "Pittsburgh Plus”- severely restricted the competitive cost advantage of Alabama Steel. • Atlanta firms found it more economical to buy Pittsburgh steel that traveled four times the distance.

15. THE CHANGING SOUTH(CHAPTER 9: PART 1)