Heavy-duty liquid detergents

1. Heavy-duty liquiddetergents

2. Heavy-duty liquid detergents (HDLDs) were introduced into the laundry market many years after the introduction of powder detergents

3. HDLDs have several advantages when compared to powder detergents : Liquid detegents readily dissolve in warm or cold water, leaving no detergent risidue on dark fabric. They can be easily dispensed from the bottle or refill package. Liquids don’t suffer from adverse effects after exposure to moisture (powders can ‘cake’ in storage when exposed to high humidity). Liquid detergents providing a convenient way to facilitate the removal of tough stains.

4. Liquid laundry detergents may be classified into three types : A. Structuredliquids B. Unstructured liquids C. Nonaqueousliquids

5. structured liquids  Liquids containing high levels of anionic surfactants and electrolytic builders from liquid crystalline surfactant phase. The resulting liquid is opaque, extremely thick, unpourable, and frequently physically unstable.  It may also subsequently separate into two or more layers or phases The challenge in developing a liquid : 1. Prevent phase separation of the product. 2. Reduce the viscosity to a pourable level.

6. The liquid crystalline phase is in the form of spherical lamellar bilayersor droplets. Contain layers of surfactant and water.

7.  A lamellar droplet is held together by an intrinsic balance of various inter- and intradroplet forces.  A stable structured liquid is achieved when the inter-and intralamellar forces are manipulated in such a way that phase separation is minimized or avoided.

8. Unstructured liquids  Are predominantly low-viscosity, clear, isotropic compositions.  Are commonly formulated with higher amounts of surfactants in conjuctionwith lower builder levels, in contrast to structured liquids, which utilize more builders and electrolytes.  The physical stability of structural liquids are very dependent on surfactant ratio, whereas the clear, unstructured liquids allow for greater flexibility in choosing surfactant types\ratio as long as a single phase is maintained.

9.  Structured liquids have the ability to suspend undissolved and insoluble solids. The unstructured clear liquids, by their very nature, don’t permit the use of insoluble materials.

10. Nonaqueous liquids Nonaqueous liquids may be classified as structured or unstructured depending on the level of surfactants and other component. *The ingredient found in typical HDLD formulations: Surfactants  Are the major cleaning component of HDLD formulations. 1- linear allylbenzenesulfonate(LA)allylic surfactant.  The dominant surfactant used in laundry detergents.

11. * The length of the carbon chain strongly influence the ease of formulation and performance of the surfactant. A longer allyl chain  Increases the hydrophobocityof the molecule,  Lowers the critical micelle concentration (CMC) And usually, provides better soil removal characteristic

12. 2. Alcohol ethoxylated nonionic surfactant  The high aqueous solubility of alcohol ethoxylates makes them a useful ingredient in unstructured liquids.  Excessive use of nonionic surfactants cause phase separation of HDLD. • Studies have shown that product containig: • LAS + alcohol ethoxylates lower the CMC provide improvements in the detergency.

13. 3. Alkyl ether sulfates (AEOS) anionic surfactants. 4. Alkyl sulfates  anionic surfactants 5. Polyhydroxy fatty acid amides (Glucamides) 6. Methyl ester sulfonates anionic surfactants. 7. Other surfactants :  Soap is now used only as minor ingredient in HDLDs to provide foam control.  A variety of other surfactants are also used primarily for specialty applications. They include amine oxides, amphoterics, and betains.

14. Builders  The main function in the detergency process is to tie up the hardness ions, Ca+2 and Mg+2 which are naturally found in water.  Also maintaining alkalinity of the wash solution, functioning as antiredeposition and soil dispersing agents.  Builder compounds decrease the concentration of the wash water hardness by forming either soluble or insoluble complexes with calcium and magnesium ions.

15. Builder classes : a. organic b. Inorganic

16.  Enzymes  play an increasing role in the stain removal process.  There are four types of enzymes currently used in HDLDs : Protease, lipase, cellulase, amylase.  Detergent polymers.

17.  Bleaches  Play a significant role in detergent formulations. Bleaching action involves the whitening or lightening of stains by the chemical removal of color.  Types of bleaches used in the laundry process Hypochlorite peroxygen bleaches

18. Opital brighteners The most widely used class of fluorescent whitening agents (FWAs) known as CC\DAS types or cyanuric chloride diaminostilbene. Micellaneous ingredients 1) Buffers  An alkaline pH in the wash water can greatly improve the cleaning ability of the detergent.  Examples of buffering compounds used in HDLDs include carbonates, liquid silicates, borates, and amines such as MEA, TEA.

19. 2) Defoamers Used to minimize excessive foaming. 3) Hydrotropes It is sometimes necessary to use hydrotopes to sulubilize all ingredients in an unstructured liquids. 4) Minors A number of ingredients, although used in small amounts serve very important roles. Preservatives are needed to inhibit the growth of microorganisms in aqueous products.