Motivation & Emotion Lingering Questions Answered

1. Motivation & Emotion Lingering Questions Answered Mrs. Hensley AP Psychology

2. Drive Reduction Theory • The idea that a physiological need creates an aroused state that motivates us to satisfy the need. • Example: Hunger • 1. Physiological Need: food, water • 2. Drive, aroused state: hunger • 3. Reduce need: eating, drinking

3. Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs • *Some needs are more important than others. • *With your needs for air and water satisfied, other motives are directing your behavior. • *If you were water deprived, your thirst would take over your thoughts. • *Food matters but we also have needs for safety, connection, and self-worth • Abraham Maslow: viewed human motives as a pyramid

4. Hierarchy of Needs Pyramid The original hierarchy of needs five-stage model includes: 1. Biological and Physiological needs - air, food, drink, shelter, warmth, sex, sleep. 2. Safety needs - protection from elements, security, order, law, limits, stability, freedom from fear. 3. Social Needs - belongingness, affection and love, - from work group, family, friends, romantic relationships. 4. Esteem needs - achievement, mastery, independence, status, dominance, prestige, self-respect, respect from others. 5. Self-Actualization needs - realizing personal potential, self-fulfillment, seeking personal growth and peak experiences. Maslow posited that human needs are arranged in a hierarchy:

5. Hierarchy of Needs cont’d • For more information on the topic visit the website below: • http://www.simplypsychology.org/maslow.html

6. Metabolism & Obesity • •Obesity has physical health risks, yet it can also be socially toxic-affects how you feel about yourself and how others treat you. • •Obese 6-9 year olds are 60% more likely to suffer bullying. • *Adult obesity is linked with lower psychological well being, increased depression, and discrimination in employment. • *Worldwide obesity has doubled since 1980, with 1.46 billion adults now overweight, some 502 million are obese (BMI of 30 or more). • *In the US, 36 % of adults are now obese. • *Obesity increases risk of diabetes, high blood pressure, heart disease, gallstones, arthritis, certain types of cancer, late-life cognitive decline, Alzheimer’s disease and brain tissue loss. • Source: (Myers, David, et al. (2014). Psychology In Everyday Life. New York. Worth Publishers (pg. 261-262)

7. Metabolism & Obesity cont’d • Why not drop the weight? • *Once weight is gained, require less food to maintain weight than it did to gain weight. • *Compared with muscle tissue, fat has a lower metabolic rate-it takes less food energy to maintain. • *When an overweight person’s body drops below its previous set point, the person’s hunger increases and metabolism decreases. • *Thus the body adapts to starvation by burning off fewer calories. • *Lean people and overweight people differ in their rates of resting metabolism. • Source: (Myers, David, et al. (2014). Psychology In Everyday Life. New York. Worth Publishers (pg. 261-262)

8. Metabolism & Obesity cont’d • Who said life was fair? • *Lean people seem naturally disposed to move about and in doing so they burn more calories. • *Overweight people tend to sit still longer and conserve their energy. • *This is part of the reason why two people of the same height and age can maintain the same weight, even if one of them eats much more than the other does. • Source: (Myers, David, et al. (2014). Psychology In Everyday Life. New York. Worth Publishers (pg. 261-262)

9. Relative Deprivation & The Need to Belong • Relative Deprivation: the perception that we are worse off relative to those with whom we compare ourselves • Whether we feel good or bad depends on our perception of just how successful those “others” are. • For example-we are slow, or clumsy only when others are smarter or more graceful. • *The need to belong is a basic human motivation.

10. Summary of Emotion Theories