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DNA Technology

This article explores various aspects of DNA technology, including DNA extraction, cutting, electrophoresis, cloning, and the Human Genome Project. It also highlights the benefits of genetic engineering and biotechnology.

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DNA Technology

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  1. DNA Technology

  2. DNA Extraction • Chemical treatments cause cells and nuclei to burst • The DNA is inherently sticky, and can be pulled out of the mixture • This is called “spooling” DNA

  3. “Spooled” DNA

  4. Cutting DNA • Restriction enzymescut DNA at specific sequences • Useful to divide DNA into manageable fragments

  5. Electrophoresis • DNA can be separated based on size due to charge • The phosphate groups are negatively charged • DNA is placed in a gel and electricity is run through

  6. Electrophoresis • Negative DNA moves toward the positive end • Smaller fragments move farther and faster

  7. Electrophoresis

  8. Cloning • Clone- a member of a group of genetically identical cells • May be produced by asexual reproduction (mitosis)

  9. Cloning organisms • A body cell from one organism and an egg cell from another are fused • The resulting cell divides like a normal embryo

  10. Cloning “Dolly”

  11. Human Genome Project

  12. Human Genome Project • Started in 1990 • Research effort to sequence all of our DNA (46 chromosomes) • Over 3.3 billion nucleotides • Mapping every gene location (loci) • Conducted by scientists around the world

  13. HGP Insights • Only 2% of human genome codes for proteins (exons) • Other 98% (introns) are non-coding • Only about 20,000 to 25,000 genes (expected 100,000) • Proteome – organism’s complete set of proteins • About 8 million single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNP) – places where humans differ by a single nucleotide • About ½ of genome comes from transposons (pieces of DNA that move to different locations on chromosomes)

  14. Benefits of Human Genome Project • Improvements in medical prevention of disease, gene therapies, diagnosis techniques … • Production of useful protein products for use in medicine, agriculture, bioremediation and pharmaceutical industries. • Improved bioinformatics – using computers to help in DNA sequencing …

  15. Activity • Complete Problem Solving Lab on page 353

  16. Cutting DNA • Restriction enzymescut DNA at specific sequences • Useful to divide DNA into manageable fragments

  17. Recombinant DNA • Combining DNA from two different organisms • Placed in transgenic organisms, living things that contain recombinant DNA

  18. How it happens: • Cut plasmid (circular DNA in bacteria) with restriction enzyme • Cut gene of interest with restriction enzyme • Ligase “glues” together gene of interest with plasmid • Bacteria (now transgenic organism) produces protein coded by gene of interest

  19. Benefits of Genetic Engineering

  20. Gene Therapy Process by which a person is given new DNA from a donor for the purpose of curing a disease

  21. Biotechnology - • The use of gene science to create new products from plants and animals

  22. BiotechnologyProvides: • Improved food products • Medical advances • An enhanced environment

  23. Herbicide Resistant Crops • Soybeans: Roundup Ready • Corn: Roundup Ready, Liberty Link • Cotton: BXN, Roundup Ready • Canola: Liberty Link, Roundup Ready + CP4 EPSPS = Roundup gene Ready

  24. Biotechnology Breakthroughs • Insulin (1982) • First commercial biotech product • Reliable, inexpensive source of insulin • Rice • Enriched with beta-carotene and iron • Bananas • Containing edible hepatitis vaccine

  25. Biotechnology Breakthroughs • Potatoes with higher solid content • Garlic that lowers cholesterol • Fruits and vegetables that reduce risks of cancer and heart disease

  26. Environmental Benefits • Reduced pesticide use • Lower energy requirements • Cleaner water • Less soil erosion

  27. Activity • Complete MINI-lab on page 343 • Complete Problem-Solving Lab on page 347

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