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Explore the role of climate, community interactions, and ecological succession in shaping ecosystems. Learn about weather, climate zones, habitat, niche, competition, predation, symbiosis, and ecological succession processes.
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Chapter 4 Ecosystems & Communities
4–1 The Role of Climate • Words you need to know: • Weather • Climate • The Greenhouse Effect • Climate Zones • polar zones (66.5° and 90° North and South latitudes) • temperate zones (between the polar zones and the tropics) • tropical zone (23.5° North and 23.5° South latitudes)
Heat Transport • winds and ocean currents
4–2 What Shapes an Ecosystem? • Biotic & abiotic factors • Habitat = the area where an organism lives (biotic and abiotic factors that affect it) • Niche = full range of physical and biological conditions in which an organism lives and the way in which the organism uses those conditions
Community Interactions • Competition = organisms of the same or different species attempt to use an ecological resource in the same place at the same time • Resource = any necessity of life (water, nutrients, light, food, or space) • competitive exclusion principle = ecological rule that states that no two species can occupy the same exact niche in the same habitat at the same time
Predation = interaction in which one organism captures (kills) and feeds on another organism • Predator / Prey
Symbiosis = Any relationship in which two species live closely together • mutualism • commensalism • parasitism
Mutualism = symbiotic relationship in which both species benefit from the relationship
Commensalism = symbiotic relationship in which one member of the association benefits and the other is neither helped nor harmed
Parasitism = symbiotic relationship in which one organism lives in or on another organism (the host) and consequently harms it • Host / parasite
Ecological Succession • Ecosystems are constantly changing in response to natural and human disturbances. • ecological succession = gradual change in living communities that follows a disturbance
Primary Succession • primary succession = succession that occurs on surfaces where no soil exists • Volcano • Glacier
pioneer species = first species to populate an area during primary succession • Often lichens
Secondary Succession • secondary succession = succession following a disturbance that destroys a community without destroying the soil • land cleared and plowed for farming is abandoned • Wildfires
climax community = mature, stable community that did not undergo further succession • Old growth forests