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Processes of Speech

Processes of Speech. Respiration Lungs: energy source Phonation Larynx: sound source Resonation Resonators: sound amplifiers/dampeners Articulation Articulators: sound modifiers. Main Processor. Nervous system Central nervous system Brain Spinal cord Peripheral nervous system

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Processes of Speech

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  1. Processes of Speech • Respiration • Lungs: energy source • Phonation • Larynx: sound source • Resonation • Resonators: sound amplifiers/dampeners • Articulation • Articulators: sound modifiers

  2. Main Processor • Nervous system • Central nervous system • Brain • Spinal cord • Peripheral nervous system • Nerves

  3. Classifying Sounds of English Vowels and Consonants What makes a vowel a vowel? What makes a consonant a consonant?

  4. Consonant Classification • Placement of articulators • Passive and active articulators • Manner of air flow • Where and how does air flow? • Voiced or voiceless • Are the vocal folds vibrating or not?

  5. Placement of articulators • Labials - lips • Dentals - teeth • Alveolars – alveolar ridge • Palatals – hard palate • Velars – soft palate • Glottals – glottis

  6. Manner of airflow • Stops • Fricatives • Affricates • Liquids • Glides • Nasals

  7. Voiced vs. voiceless • Voiced phonemes • Vocal fold vibration • All vowels are voiced • Some English consonants are voiced • Voiceless phonemes • No vocal fold vibration • Cognate pairs with voiced partners

  8. Other manners of airflow • Obstruents • Produced with obstructed vocal tract • Includes fricatives, affricates, and stops • Sonorants • Produced with relatively open vocal tract • Includes liquids, glides and nasals • Approximants • Produced with relatively open oral tract • Includes liquids and glides

  9. Other manners (continued) • Stridents • Produced by directing airflow against a surface • Creates considerable friction • Includes /f, v, s, z, , , t, d/ • Sibilants • Subset of stridents • Hissing/hushing sounds • Includes /s, z, , , t, d/ • Laterals • Made with lateral airflow • Includes the /l/ http://www.uiowa.edu/~acadtech/phonetics/about.html#

  10. Website for consonant classification http://www.uiowa.edu/~acadtech/phonetics/english/frameset.html

  11. Vowel Classification • Tongue position • Tongue height in the oral cavity • High – mid – low • Tongue advancement • Front – central – back • Lip rounding • Front vowels = lip retraction • Back vowels – lip rounding

  12. Vowel chart Retracted lips --------------------Rounded lips

  13. Distinctive Features • A binary classification system – indicating the presence or absence of a feature • Can classify vowels or consonants • Is it rounded or not rounded? + - /w/ /l/

  14. Chomsky & Halle (1968)Distinctive Features • Vocalic – like a vowel • Consonantal – like a consonant • High – body of tongue elevated

  15. Distinctive Features (continued) • Back – tongue elevates to velum • Low – tongue in lowest position: /h/ • Anterior – sound made with articulators at alveolar ridge or forward • Coronal – sound made with tongue blade raised • Round – lips rounded

  16. Distinctive Features (continued) • Tense – degree of muscle tension • Continuant – flow of air not stopped • Nasal – sounds resonated in nasal • cavity

  17. Distinctive Features (continued) • Strident – forced airstream creates intense noise quality to sounds • Sonorant – unimpeded sound through oral cavity • Interrupted – completely blocked airflow at some point in production • Lateral – air flows along the lateral margins of tongue • Voice – vibrating vocal folds

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