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ACID PRECIPITATION

ACID PRECIPITATION. movie. ACIDS & BASES. Acid – loses a H + when dissolved in H 2 O organic (contain C) e.g. amino acids or acetic acid (CH 3 COOH) inorganic like HCl or H 2 SO 4 Base – releases OH - when dissolved in water eg. NaOH or NaHCO 3 amount of acidity is measured on pH scale

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ACID PRECIPITATION

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  1. ACID PRECIPITATION movie

  2. ACIDS & BASES • Acid – loses a H+ when dissolved in H2O • organic (contain C) e.g. amino acids or acetic acid (CH3COOH) • inorganic like HCl or H2SO4 • Base – releases OH- when dissolved in water • eg. NaOH or NaHCO3 • amount of acidity is measured on pH scale • low pH (< 7) indicates acidity • high pH (> 7) indicates alkalinity (basic) • pH of 7 is neutral

  3. Deposition • source: pollution associated with burning of fossil fuels; leads to acid deposition. • Wet Deposition - acids with a pH below 5.6 are removed from the atmosphere in the form of rain, snow, sleet, and mist. • Dry Deposition - particles such as volcanic ash, sulphates, and nitrates are deposited onto a surface and then converted into acids when they contact water.

  4. Acid Deposition

  5. Sulphur dioxide (SO2) • sulphur from coal burning power plants is the greatest amount of SO2 entering the atmosphere • need to reduce sulphur emissions • best way: conserve energy or use alternative sources

  6. 3 ways to reduce sulphur emissions from coal-fired plants: • Wash the sulphur from the coal before combustion • Wash the sulphur from the smoke before it leaves the smokestacks • Remove the sulphur after combustion by using scrubbers - sprays a mixture of water and limestone (basic) into the smokestack

  7. Nitrogen Oxides (NOX) • from vehicle emissions and burning coal • catalytic converters on vehicles help to reduce the emissions of carbon monoxide, hydrocarbons, and the nitrogen oxides • ON vehicles have to pass an emissions test every two years Movie

  8. Govt. policies • Canada-Wide Acid Rain strategy: • implemented in 1991 • targeted reduction by 50% in most provinces • 1990-2000 AP decreased by 60% in some eastern provinces • Canada – US Clean Air Quality Agreement: • US emissions declined by 27% between 1991-1996.

  9. Changes in SO2 1990-2000

  10. Acid Rain in Canada THE EAST: • Canadian Shield & East Coast provinces (Ontario, Quebec, Nova Scotia, New Brunswick) are hardest hit • their water and soil systems can't neutralize the effects of the acid rain • > 150 lakes are “dead” and 48 000 are at risk of acid rain destruction • > 90% of the acid deposition in eastern Canada originates from emissions in the US Midwest

  11. THE WEST • western provinces are relatively unharmed • soils are more alkaline - able to neutralize acid rain • lower levels of industrialization and natural factors such as eastwardly moving weather patterns (moves the air pollution to the east)

  12. Natural Acid Precipitation Lightning (NOx) Volcanic Fog “vog” (SO2) Recap Movie Clip

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