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Protein Synthesis

Discover the fascinating process of protein synthesis, from DNA transcription to protein formation in this informative animation. Learn how DNA contains the instructions for making proteins and how ribosomes play a crucial role. Explore the steps involved in transcription and translation, including the role of mRNA, tRNA, and ribosomal RNA. Witness how amino acids bond together to form proteins and understand the significance of codons and anticodons in the process. Delve into the world of protein synthesis with this detailed review.

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Protein Synthesis

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  1. Protein Synthesis

  2. Review… • DNA: • Found in the nucleus • Double stranded • Contains the instructions for controlling the cell (including instructions for making proteins) • Has the bases A, T, C, G • RNA: • Can go outside the nucleus • Single stranded • Has the bases A, U, C, G • Ribosomes: • Make proteins

  3. Steps of Protein Synthesis: • Transcription • Translation

  4. Transcription • DNA is “unzipped” by RNA polymerase • RNA polymerase breaks the Hydrogen bonds between the DNA bases to separate the two strands • RNA polymerase makes a copy of RNA from the DNA that has been separated • The strand of RNA that is made is called mRNA (messenger RNA)

  5. Transcription Transcription Animation

  6. Translation • mRNA leaves the nucleus and enters the cytoplasm • Ribosomes attach to the mRNA strand and “reads” the information on the mRNA strand • Ribosomes also have RNA, called rRNA (ribosomal RNA), that does the “reading” • The information that is being “read” is called codons • Codons – a set of 3 bases

  7. Translation • When the RNA is “read”, tRNA (transfer RNA) attaches to the mRNA strand • tRNA will have complementary bases that will match up with the mRNA • These complementary bases on the tRNA are called anticodons • Anticodons match up with the correct codons • tRNA also has an amino acid attached to the bottom of it

  8. Translation • As more tRNAs attach to the mRNA, a bond will form between the amino acids on the tRNA • These bonds are called polypeptide bonds • As bonds form, tRNA detaches from the amino acids and mRNA Translation Animation

  9. Proteins!!! • When all the amino acids have bonded together, they are in a chain • This chain is a protein • Amino acids are the building blocks of proteins • The protein chain will fold in to itself so that it is more compact to travel within and outside the cell

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