Potential Risks Associated with Leaching of Organic Contaminants and Endocrine Disruptors from Plastic Piping Materials

1.  Potential Risks Associated with Leaching of Organic Contaminants and Endocrine Disruptors from Plastic Piping Materials

2. Outline Background Objective Current Knowledge & Perceptions Typical Plastic Plumbing in Schools Safeguards � Industry Standards Conclusions

3. Background - Seattle Public Schools

4. Background - What were the Issues? Parents inquiries in late 2003 Unpleasant appearance of water in several older schools Rusty water ? health concern Pb exposure Other WQ concerns Seattle Schools previously addressed WQ issues in 1990

5. Background - Phase 1 Testing in 2004 Objective and Approach Assess water quality in Seattle Public Schools Sampled 3,000+ sources (primarily fountains) Analyzed for Pb plus Cd, Zn, Cu, Fe, turb, color, and colif bact Results 19% first-draw 250-mL samples Pb >20 ?g/L (EPA guideline for schools) Some fountains exhibited Pb >1000 ?g/L Outcome � Seattle School Board Policy Pb must be ?10 ?g/L in first-draw 250-mL sample prior to service Implement District-wide Mitigation Program

6. Background - Sources of Pb are Numerous Old galvanized piping inlaterals, risers and service lines End-use connective piping 50:50 Sn:Pb solder Brass valves & other components Bubbler heads Kitchen and classroom faucets

7. Background � Upgrade Plumbing Old end-use connective piping

8. Background � Parents� Concern Metal parts � release of Pb and other metals

9. Objective Assess potential risks associated with using plastics in place of metals in schools Review available literature Review industry standards

10. Current Knowledge � Endocrine (Hormone) System

11. Current Knowledge � Endocrine Disrupting Compounds (EDCs)

12. Current Perception � Why is the Public Increasingly Concerned? �� study examined nine pesticides � used on cornfields in the midwestern United States.� �Larvae were treated by immersion with 0.1 ppb each atrazine, S-metolachlor, alachlor, nicosulfuron, cyfluthrin, -cyhalothrin, tebupirimphos, metalaxyl, or propiconizole.� �Seventy percent of the animals exposed to the nine-compound mixture were unable to sit upright.� T.B. Hayes et al. 2006. Env. Health Perspect, Vol. 114, S-1, Apr.

13. Current Perception � Why is the Public Increasingly Concerned? Meds lurk in drinking water  AP probe found traces of meds in water supplies of 41 million Americans  Associated Press � March 9, 2008 �A vast array of pharmaceuticals � including antibiotics, anti-convulsants, mood stabilizers and sex hormones � have been found in the drinking water supplies of at least 41 million Americans, an Associated Press investigation shows�.�

14. Current Perception � Why is the Public Increasingly Concerned? Containers made with bisphenol A chemical linked to health risks Associated Press � April 18, 2008 �Hard-plastic Nalgene water bottles made with bisphenol A will be pulled from stores over the next few months because of growing consumer concern over whether the chemical poses a health risk.�

15. Typical Plastic Plumbing - Seattle Public Schools

16. Plastic Materials � Polymeric Chains

17. Common Chemical Additives � Manufacturing of Plastics

18. Leaching of Chemical Additives in Drinking Water

19. Safeguards � Industry Standards

20. Safeguards � Industry Standards

21. Safeguards � Industry Standards

22. Expert Opinion

23. Additional Information Glen Boyd HDR Engineering, Inc. Bellevue, WA 425-450-6391 glen.boyd@hdrinc.com