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Oportunidades is a program aimed at providing immediate assistance to poor families while investing in human capabilities to break the cycle of poverty in the long run. It includes cash transfers, education scholarships, health check-ups, nutritional supplements, and savings accounts. The program focuses on targeted benefits, transparent mechanisms for beneficiary selection, integration of services, and shared responsibility with families. Evaluation has shown significant positive impacts on education, health, nutrition, and poverty reduction.
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Dr. Miguel Székely, Deputy Minister for Social Developement Cape Town, South Africa, 2005
Objectives • Provide poor families with immediate assistance, • while investing in human capabilities • to break the poverty circle in the medium run
Average monthly cash transfer to the mother in the family Scholarships (higher for girls than for boys) conditional on assistance 25 dlls Education + In kind Regular check-ups in health clinics Health + Cash transfer + Nutritional suplement conditional on women training Nutrition 15 dlls Total 40 dlls Savings account, conditional on graduation 8 dlls Assets Four components
Impact evaluation Certify family conditions Monitoring Cash transfers every two months Community level targeting Certify existence of schools and health clinics Families comply with conditionality Identification of possible beneficiaries Families Incorporate into the program Oportunidades: operational aspects
Contents 1.-Change of paradigm 2.- Strong effects on education, health and nutrition outcomes 3.- Strong effects on poverty reduction 4.- Five Phases of Oportunidades
Change of paradigm • Targeted benefits to individual families Transparent mechanisms to select beneficiaries Integrality Shared responsibility Cash transfers vs in kind benefits Evaluation
1. Targeted benefits to families • Before • universal coverage • benefits for groups (constituencies) • communities vs families • Now • 1st stage : Geographic targeting • 2nd stage: Family targeting
2. Transparent mechanisms to identify beneficiaries • Before • No clear rules (discretionary) • Driven by political demands • Now • Transparency : Means test to each family • Systematic procedures to identify eligible households • Creation of the first beneficiary registry
Targeting of poor households Registry of beneficiaries Socioeconomic information Address Family code Information on other social programs
3. Integrality • Before • Independent actions by each ministry • Now • Coordination for : • Education • Health • Nutrition
Integrality in Oportunidades Education Scholarships Human development. Health Health care and Training in better health practices Nutrition Cash transfer + supplement Savings accounts
4. Shared responsibility • Before • Short term support through assistance and welfare • Now • Shared responsibility: • A) change in family behavior to trigger long term effects • B) Self-targeting
Nutrition + Education Savings Health School attendance Graduating from high school Health check ups: Preventive care Nutritional check up Training for hygiene and health practices Family Children and youth (family) Woman h of h Youth 4. Shared responsibility by families
Before • Occasional transfers with no shared responsibility • Food packages • Construction Implicit assumption: governments know what the poor need 5. In kind vs cash transfer • Now • Women receive $ • Certainty • Firms vs bureaucracy Implicit assumption: People know what they need and they are responsible
Food 71% Clothing 5% Hygiene 7% Health 2% Education 1% Other 14% Use of cash transfers
6. Evaluation • External evaluation by renowned international academic centers • Rigorous scientific evaluation • 3 benefits from evaluation: • Knowing the effect of the program • Transparency and accountability • Improved information for budget allocation
Contenido 1.- Change of paradigm 2.- Strong effects on education, health and nutrition outcomes 3.- Strong effects on poverty reduction 4.- Five Phases of Oportunidades
33% women 16% men Education Increase in secondary school enrollment 25% general enrollment
12% reduction in child morbidity Health Morbidity under 2 years of age
19% number of days not working due to sickness Health Morbidity for adults
Nutrition Malnutrition under age 3 16% increase in height and weight
Contenido 1.- Change of paradigm 2.- Strong effects on education, health and nutrition outcomes 3.- Strong effects on poverty reduction 4.- Five Phases of Oportunidades
Effects on poverty reduction between 2000 and 2002 3.5 3.5 3.5 28% 28% 28% Precios Precios Prices 36% 36% 36% Other Otros Otros 4% 4% 4% 3.0 3.0 3.0 4% 4% 4% 2% 2% 2% Procampo Procampo Procampo 6% 6% 6% 2% 2% 2% Remittances Remesas Remesas 2.5 2.5 2.5 33% 33% 33% 2.0 2.0 2.0 Oportunidades Oportunidades Oportunidades 48% 48% 48% 14% 14% 14% 1.5 1.5 1.5 2% 2% 2% 10% 10% 10% 12% 12% 12% 1.0 1.0 1.0 40% 40% 40% 0.5 0.5 0.5 72% 72% 72% 44% 44% 44% Remuneraciones Remuneraciones Wages 0.0 0.0 0.0 3% 3% 3% - - - 10% 10% 10% 5% 5% 5% Businesses Negocios Negocios - - - 0.5 0.5 0.5 - - - 40% 40% 40% - - - 1.0 1.0 1.0 Pobreza Alimentaria Pobreza Alimentaria Food poverty Pobreza Pobreza Asset Poverty dePatrimonio dePatrimonio Pobreza de Pobreza de CapabilitiesPoverty Capacidades Capacidades ( 2 points ) ( 5.4 points ) ( 3.9 points )
Contenido 1.- Change of paradigm 2.- Strong effects on education, health and nutrition outcomes 3.- Strong effects on poverty reduction 4.- Five Phases of Oportunidades
4. Four phases Breaking through paradigms 2. Consolidation in 2000 and “surviving” into the new Administration 3. Improving design and scaling up 4. From structural poverty to the dynamics of poverty
Success factors Rigorous evaluation Consolidating disperse budgets International support Avoid political use Beneficiaries as partners Centralized coordination across sectors Building on success Political support
