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SOCIOLOGY OF SPORTS

SOCIOLOGY OF SPORTS. Society and Sports from a Sociological Perspective. SPORTS: FROM SPARE TIME ACTIVITY TO ITS MODERN MEANING. Desportare: (Latin) having fun, hanging around Desport: (French) to entertain, to amuse Sport: (English) using spare time, entertainment, hobby.

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SOCIOLOGY OF SPORTS

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  1. SOCIOLOGY OF SPORTS Society and Sports from a Sociological Perspective

  2. SPORTS: FROM SPARE TIME ACTIVITY TO ITS MODERN MEANING • Desportare: (Latin) having fun, hanging around • Desport: (French) to entertain, to amuse • Sport: (English) using spare time, entertainment, hobby

  3. DEFINITION OF SPORT • A physical and spare time activity with a set of rules and institutions, resembling both a game and a profession, applied in a form of competition (Georges Magnane) • An institutionalized physical activity based on competition which lies in a place between game and profession (G. Luschen)

  4. DEFINITION OF SPORT • A worship of intensive and habitualized muscular activity which depends on the will for progress and even for risks which might lead to situations including danger. (Pierre de Coubertin) • Physical practices which possess their own values, rules and rituals in a form of joyful competition. (Carl Diem)

  5. INSTITUTIONALIZATION OF SPORTS • Rules of the activity gets standardized. • Organizing actors supervise the application of and obedience to these rules • Increasing significance of the organizational and technical sides of the activity • Formalisation of acquiring game skills

  6. WHY STUDY A SOCIOLOGY OF SPORTS? • Sports as a part of human social life. • Sports as a cultural determinant • Many actors within the realm of sports, with direct or indirect participations and roles.

  7. GENERAL THEMES • SPORTS AND SOCIAL CLASS • SPORTS AND GENDER • SPORTS AND POLITICS • SPORTS, IDEOLOGY AND PROPOGANDA • SPORTS, ETNICITY AND NATIONALISM • SPORTS AND ECONOMY

  8. GENERAL THEMES • SPORTS AND GLOBALISATION • SPORTS AND IDENTITY • SPORTS AND VIOLENCE • SPORTS AND IMPERIALISM • SPORTS AND EDUCATION

  9. DEVELOPMENT OF THE DISCIPLINE • CONTRIBUTIONS OF ANTHROPOLOGY • HEINZ RIESSE AS THE FIRST TO USE THE TERM “SOCIOLOGY OF SPORTS” (1921) • JOHANN HUIZINGA: HOMO LUDENS (THE PLAYING HUMAN), 1938 • INTERNATIONAL REVIEW OF SPORT SOCIOLOGY (1966)

  10. DEVELOPMENT OF THE DISCIPLINE • HARRY EDWARDS • JAY COAKLEY • NORBERT ELIAS • ERIC DUNNING • JEAN MARIE BROHM

  11. SOCIOLOGY OF SPORTS IN TURKEY • MUSTAFA ERKAL’S “SPORTS FROM A SOCIOLOGICAL PERSPECTIVE” (1978) AS THE FIRST STUDY IN TURKEY. • İBRAHİM ARMAĞAN’S “SOCIOLOGICAL BASIS OF SPORTS” (1981) • YILMAZ ÇOBANOĞLU’S “SOCIOLOGY OF SPORTS” (1996) • CAN İKİZLER’S “SPORTS IN SOCIAL SCIENCES” (2000)

  12. HISTORICAL ORIGINS OF SPORT • The Neolithic Age: Survival and the need for physical strength • Social division of labor and the warriors class. • Specialization and professionalisation in warfare (archery, horseback riding...) • Settled communities and the phenomenon of spare time.

  13. HISTORICAL ORIGINS OF SPORT • Spare time as a consequence of the slave mode of production • Ancient Greek city states: birthplace of first organized sports activities. • In addition to spare time, struggle against nature and other societies contributed to the genesis of sports • Defensive-offensive sports as the first sporting activities (wrestling, boxing, archery...)

  14. ANCIENT GREEK EXPERIENCE • Gender dimension: Masculine monopoly • Social class dimension: Male citizens only • Philosophical dimension: Ideal state with an education system based on sports as well as philosophy, arts and sciences. • The Gymnasium • The Palaestra

  15. FIRST ORGANIZED SPORTS: THE OLYMPICS (776 B.C.) • In addition to local competitions held in sacred festivals in various Greek city states, the Olympic games is considered to be the first organized sports activity. • Olympics as worship: dedication to the Olympians (Gods and Goddesses) • Olympics as a tool for sacred truce in the Hellenic world (Ekecheiria) • Only male Greek citizens allowed to watch and attend the Games • Naked status of sportsmen

  16. MYTHOLOGICAL BASIS OF SPORTS AND BODY IMAGE • Age of Heroes and the strong hero image • Hercules (Herakles) as the forthcoming hero of mascular strength • Battle of Marathon (490 B.C.) and the legend of Pheidippides • Atalante: the she-warrior • Odysseus and his bow

  17. ANCIENT ROMAN EXPERIENCE • Sports for the entertainment of the free citizens • Slave warriors: gladiators • Ex-slave trainsmen • The audience, the arena and social control

  18. MIDDLE AGES • The Feudal system and two sides of sports • Knighthood competitions • Noble sports for the aristocracy • Common sports for spending spare time for the peasants • Pre-modern forms of football

  19. RISE OF THE EUROPEAN BOURGEOISIE AND SPORTS • Rise of modern sports • More disciplined, organized and with rules • Sports as a uniting tool for promoting the ideals of Western liberalism: freedom, brotherhood, equality and coexistence. • Sports: a reflection of the capitalist way of life; competition. Common “team” sports for the proleteriat: football

  20. THE BIRTH OF FOOTBALL • British imperialism and the UK as the global exporter of sports • British bureaucrats as sports missionaries all around the Empire. • Sports and imperialism: sports imperialism

  21. THE BIRTH OF FOOTBALL • Revival of a middle-age common spare time activity among Cambridge students (1848) • Popularisation of football in a short period More spare time for the proleteriat by means of legal regulations on work hours Weekend off after Saturday afternoon Advancements in public transport

  22. Sports and class: the UK case • Working class and football • The Roman Method: canalization of the energy of the ordinary masses • Good and loyal citizens via a collective belonging • While elite sports in the UK remained to be mostly individual sports; common sports like football rose as team sports. • First football clubs founded by trade unions or simply workers of single factories • Church teams (Aston Villa,Birmingham,Bolton,Everton)

  23. EXPORT OF FOOTBALL TO CONTINENTAL EUROPE • 1878: Copenhagen • 1887: Hamburg • 1888: Paris • 1885: Vienna • 1893: Genova • 1886: Budapest

  24. THE MODERN OLYMPIC GAMES • Baron Pierre de Coubertin • 1896 First Olympic Games in Athens

  25. THE USE OF OLYMPIC GAMES AS A POLITICAL TOOL • Internationalisation of sports and use of sports as a tool of international politics 1920 Anvers Games 1936 Berlin Games 1948 London Games 1972 Munich Games 1980 Moscow Games 1984 Los Angeles Games

  26. OLYMPISM and its CRITIQUES • Olympism as an ideal for sports and society both on the national and global scales • Critiques of olympism as the tool of European capitalism and imperialism • The anti-democratic status of the Olympic administrative organs • Coubertin’s anti-feminism

  27. SPORTS BRANCHES • Individual and team sports • Survival sports and spare-time sports • Elite sports and common sports

  28. BOXING • Civilizing process and sports: Boxing as a good example regarding this context (N.Elias) • Historical origins date back to ancient Mesopotamia • Classical Boxing in ancient Greece and Rome

  29. EARLY BOXING & MODERN BOXING • Rules (from a no-rule and no-referee violent showgame to modern boxing): punchable body parts, standart durations for rounds and breaks, points earned, medical staff...etc. • Weight divisions (no divisions in former) • Use of accessories (from bandages and wooden spikes to gloves and headguards) • Ethics: from warrior ethos of honor to fairplay • From a fully offensive game towards an offensive/defensive one

  30. BOXING AND CONTROL OF VIOLENCE • N.Elias: Civilizing society, civilized ways of settling personal disputes among males rather than gun duels. Use of the fists as a more civilized way Modern society, social rules and its reflection on sports: modern boxing Violence limited and controlled by game rules

  31. TENNIS • Historical roots in medieval France • Badminton and croquet • Field tennis in Britain as an elite sport • The significance of the lawn in elite activities • From the field to the lawn: Walter Clopton Wingfield as the founder of modern tennis (1873)

  32. TENNIS BECOMING WORLDWIDE • Mary Outerbridge and the import of tennis to USA (1874) • The First Wimbledon Championships (1877): local British tournament • Tennis goes international: The Davis Tournaments of 1900 • International Lawn Tennis Federation (1912)

  33. TENNIS AND CLASS • Pacification of the British upper classes in the 18th century. • Pacification of political conflicts among upper classes and pacification in other areas of social life • Combination of rural customs and upper-class manners: elite sports like cricket and tennis

  34. BASEBALL • Bat-and-ball games • From Britain to USA • Alexander Cartwright as the founder of modern baseball (1845) • The 19th century: popularization of baseball in the US and becoming a national sport. • National League established in 1876

  35. BASEBALL • Negro National League in 1933 • Jackie Robinson as the first black player in the US National League (1947) • Races united dating from the 60’s • Babe Ruth League (1947) for the popularization of baseball among the American youth

  36. BASKETBALL • James Naismith as the founder of basketball (1891) • A team sport available indoors during cold winter • Colleges and the popularization of basketball as a common sport • Foundation of the NBA (1949) • Afro-Americans and basketball

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