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General Psychology (PY110)

General Psychology (PY110). Chapter 2 Neuroscience . Neuroscience and Behavior. All sensory organs – Receptors Muscles and Glands – Effectors Neurons – Communication channel. The Structure of a Neuron. How Neurons Communicate. Communication within a neuron is electrical.

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General Psychology (PY110)

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  1. General Psychology (PY110) Chapter 2 Neuroscience

  2. Neuroscience and Behavior • All sensory organs – Receptors • Muscles and Glands – Effectors • Neurons – Communication channel

  3. The Structure of a Neuron

  4. How Neurons Communicate Communication withina neuron iselectrical Communication between neuronsischemical

  5. Types of Neurons • Interneurons exist only in the central nervous system • Sensory neurons carry information to the central nervous system from sensory receptors in the eyes, muscles, and glands • Motor neurons carry movement commands from the central nervous system to the rest of the body

  6. Neurotransmitters, Drugs, and Poisons Key terms: Agonists Antagonists Drugs and poisons that increase the activity of one or more neurotransmitters Drugs and poisons that decrease the activity of one or more neurotransmitters

  7. Neurotransmitters 1. Acetylcholine (ACh) is involved in both learning and memory and muscle movement 2. Dopmaine impacts our arousal and mood states, thought processes, and physical movement 3. Serotonin and norepinephrine are neurotransmitters involved in levels of arousal and mood, and play a major role in mood disorders such as depression 4. GABA is the main inhibitory neurotransmitter in the nervous system; glutamate is the main excitatory neurotransmitter 5. Endorphins are a group of neurotransmitters that are involved in pain perception and relief

  8. Dopamine • Low levels are associated with Parkinson’s disease, and excessively high levels are associated with schizophrenia • L-Dopa is an agonist that increases production of dopamine • Anti-psychotic drugs are antagonists that block the receptor sites for dopamine so that this neurotransmitter cannot send its messages • Amphetamine acts as an agonist by stimulating the release of dopamine from axon terminals • Cocaine is an agonist that blocks the re-uptake of dopamine

  9. Nervous System Subdivisions

  10. The Central Nervous System Consists of the spinal cord and the brain • The spinal cord has two functions • Conduit for incoming sensory data and outgoing movement commands • Provides for spinal reflexes, which are simple automatic actions not involving the brain • The brain is the control center for the entire nervous system

  11. The Peripheral Nervous System Consists of two parts: • The somatic (or skeletal) nervous system carries sensory input from receptors to the CNS and relays commands from the CNS to the skeletal muscles to control their movement • The autonomic nervous system regulates our internal environment and consists of two parts • The sympathetic nervous system is in control when we are very aroused and prepares us for defensive action (such as running away or fighting) • The parasympathetic nervous system is in control when the aroused state ends to return our body to its normal resting state

  12. Components of Emotion An emotion is a complex psychological state that involves three components: Physical Behavioral Cognitive A physiological state of arousal triggered by the autonomic nervous system An outward expression including facial expressions, movements and gestures An appraisal of the situation to determine which emotion we are experiencing and how intensely

  13. Emotion Theory Comparison • James-Lange Theory • Cannon-Bard Theory • Schachter-Singer Theory Stimulus: Sight of bear Physiological Arousal Emotional Response (Fear) Emotional Response (Fear) Stimulus: Sight of bear Physiological Arousal Stimulus: Sight of bear Physiological Arousal Cognitive Appraisal Emotional Response (Fear)

  14. The Central Core Brain Structures

  15. The Limbic System

  16. The Four Lobes and the Sensory-Motor Processing Areas

  17. The Case of Phineas Gage • Phineas Gage was railroad worker who survived when a metal tamping iron flew through his left cheek and head, exiting through his frontal lobes • He became irresponsible, impulsive, disorderly, indecisive, and cursed, leading neuroscientists to think the frontal lobes are important in such behaviors

  18. Language Fluent speech production Comprehension of speech & reading

  19. What we know… • Left hemisphere • Language • Math and logic skills • More analytical, analyzing wholes intopieces • Right hemisphere • Spatial perception • Solving spatialproblems • Drawing • Face recognition • A band of neurons called the Corpus Callosum joins the two hemispheres • Allows communication and coordinates functions

  20. Five Stages of Sleep Brain wave taken by Electroencephalogram (EEG)

  21. Sleep Cycles • Cycles last about 90 minutes. • 4-6 cycles each night

  22. Nature of Sleep & Dreams • 2 Types of Sleep – REM and Non-REM • Non-REM = Quantity REM = Quality • REM Sleep reduced by alcohol and sleeping pills • Sleep Deprivation (or Dream Deprivation) • Moderate – Sleep rebound • Severe – depression, impaired memory, decreased immune response • Circadian cycles – Biological clock

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