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General Psychology (PY110)

General Psychology (PY110). Chapter 4 Learning. Learning. Learning is a relatively permanent change or modification in behavior due to experience or training. Why Do We Learn?. Reward. Reinforcement. Training. Two main types of training. Classical Conditioning.

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General Psychology (PY110)

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  1. General Psychology (PY110) Chapter 4 Learning

  2. Learning Learning is a relatively permanent change or modification in behavior due to experience or training

  3. Why Do We Learn? Reward Reinforcement

  4. Training • Two main types of training

  5. Classical Conditioning • Discovered by Ivan Pavlov - a Russian physiologist studying digestive processes in dogs • The dogs were strapped into harnesses and had tubes inserted into their cheeks to measure the amount of salivation, the initial step in the digestive process • With time, he noticed that the dogs started to salivate before the meat powder was even put in their mouths, and wanted to know why this was happening

  6. Classical Conditioning (Neutral Stimulus)

  7. Elements and Procedures of Classical Conditioning Unconditioned Stimulus(UCS) Unconditioned Response(UCR) Associated Similar Conditioned Stimulus (CS) Conditioned Response (CR)

  8. Principles of Conditioning • Extinction • Hey where’s my food? • Spontaneous Recovery • Maybe I’ll get food this time • Stimulus Generalization • Any bell will do • Stimulus Discrimination • That’s not the dinner bell “I don’t know about you, but that bell is starting to put me off my food”

  9. Acquisition, Extinction, and Spontaneous Recovery

  10. Stimulus Generalization and Discrimination

  11. Limitations of Classical Conditioning • Continuous reinforcement required • Extinction occurs quickly

  12. The “Little Albert” Study • John Watson conducted a study on an infant named Albert • While Albert was looking at a little white rat, Watson quietly sneaked behind him and made a loud noise • Albert’s reflexive response, the UCR, was a fear-avoidance response (e.g., crying andtrying to crawl away) to the loudnoise, which was the UCS • After pairing the white rat with theloud noise only 7 times, the white rat became a CS

  13. Operant Conditioning Learning to associate behaviors with their consequences • Behaviors that are reinforced (lead to satisfying consequences) will be strengthened, and behaviors that are punished (lead to unsatisfying consequences) will be weakened • Called “operant” conditioning because the organism needs to “operate” on the environment to bring about consequences from which to learn

  14. Operant Conditioning • Most famous work conducted by psychologist B.F. Skinner • Used apparatus known as ‘Skinner boxes’ that are still used in experimentation today

  15. The Law of Effect • Operant conditioning is based on E. L. Thorndike’s Law of Effect • Any behavior that results in satisfying consequences tends to be repeated, and any behavior that results in unsatisfying consequences tends not be repeated

  16. General Learning Processes in Operant Conditioning • Shapingoccurs when an animal is trained to make a particular response by reinforcing successively closer approximations to the desired response • With humans, this might mean reinforcing a child the closer he comes to making his bed correctly each morning

  17. Shaping in Operant Conditioning

  18. Imitation (or Modeling) • Albert Bandura • Researched aggressiveness as a learned behavior • Children exposed to aggressive adult behavior against Bobo doll • Many imitated aggressive behavior

  19. Types of Reinforcement

  20. Example of Reinforcement A psychologist considering why alcoholics drink can consider two possible reinforcement factors Positive Reinforcement Negative Reinforcement

  21. Types of Reinforcement

  22. Interval Schedules of Reinforcement • Fixed Interval • Reward arrives on set schedule • Work paid with salary • Variable Interval • Reward arrives sporadically

  23. Ratio Schedules of Reinforcement • Fixed Ratio • Reward arrives after performance of task • Piece work • Variable Ratio • Reward will arrive after unknown number of repetitions of a task • Lottery • Resistant to Extinction

  24. Motivation • When motivation is: • Task is accomplished to gain reward Also referred to as Goal Oriented (GO) Task is accomplished for personal satisfaction. Also referred to as Learning Oriented (LO) • Are you learning oriented (LO) or goal oriented (GO)? Extrinsic Intrinsic

  25. The Motivation Process • Need • Drive (awareness) • Action (direction) • Need reduction or Need satisfaction State of deprivation (imbalance)

  26. Theories of Motivation

  27. Yerkes-Dodson Law High Best Result Difficulty of Task Low State of Arousal Low High

  28. Yerkes-Dodson Law Increased arousal will aid performance up to a point, after which further arousal impairs performance

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