Introduction to A&P

1. Introduction to A&P Fall 2012

2. Vocab development • Paries-wall • Pathos- disease • Peri- around • Pronus- inclined forward • Stupinus- lying on the back • Venter- belly or abdomen • Bios- life • Cardium- heart • Dorsum- back • Homeo- unchanging • -logy- study of • Median- situated in the middle

3. Common functions of all living things… • responsiveness • irritability- organisms respond to environmental changes immediately • adaptability- long term adjustments • growth • reproduction • movement • internal • external • metabolism • provides energy required for the four things listed above • refers to all of the chemical operations under way in the body

4. Anatomy • Anatomy- study of internal and external structure and the physical relationships between body parts • divided into: • gross anatomy • microscopic anatomy

5. Gross anatomy (macroscopic) • - visible with the unaided eye • surface anatomy- study of general form & superficial markings • regional anatomy- all of the superficial & internal features in a specific region of the body (head, neck, torso) • systemic anatomy- structure of major organ systems

6. Microscopic anatomy • cannot be seen without magnification • specialties • cytology- analyzes the internal structure of individual cells • histology- examination of tissues • tissues- groups of specialized cells that work together to perform a specific function • organs- tissues combined to perform specific function(s)

7. Physiology • physiology- study of the function of anatomical structures • human physiology • cell physiology- study of the functions of living cells • special physiology- physiology of specific organs • systemic physiology- physiology of all aspects of the function of specific organ systems • pathological physiology (pathology)- study of the effect of diseases on organ or system functions • All physiological functions are performed by anatomical structures.

8. Levels of Organization • 6 levels of organization within the human body • Chemical • Atoms- smallest stable unit of matter • Atoms combine to form molecules • Cellular • Different molecules can interact to form a larger structures • Tissue • Similar cells working together to perform a specific function • Organ • Two or more tissues working together to perform specific functions • Organ system • Organs interact • Organism • All of the organ systems of the body work together

9. Organ systems • The human body consists of 11 organ systems • Integumentary • Skeletal • Muscular • Nervous • Endocrine • Cardiovascular • Lymphoid • Respiratory • Digestive • Urinary • Reproductive

10. Integumentary system • Cutaneous membrane • Epidermis • Dermis • Hair follicles • Hairs • Sebaceous glands • Sweat glands • Nails • Sensory receptors • Subcutaneous layer

11. Skeletal System • Bones, cartilages and joints • Axial skeleton • Skull, vertebrae, ribs, sternum, sacrum, cartilages, & ligaments • Appendicular skeleton • Limbs & supporting bones & ligaments • Bone marrow

12. Muscular system • Skeletal muscles (700) • Axial muscles • Appendicular muscles • Tendons

13. Nervous system • Central nervous system • Brain • Spinal cord • Peripheral nervous system

14. Endocrine system • Adrenal glands • Kidneys • Pancreas • Gonads • Testes • Ovaries • Pineal gland • Pituitary gland • Thyroid gland • Parathyroid gland • Thymus

15. Cardiovascular system • Heart • Blood vessels • Arteries • Capillaries • Veins • Blood

16. Lymphoid system • Lymphatic vessels • Lymph nodes • Spleen • Thymus

17. Respiratory system • Nasal cavities, paranasal sinuses • Pharynx • Larynx • Trachea • Bronchi • Lungs • alveoli

18. Digestive system • Salivary glands • Pharynx • Esophogus • Stomach • Small intestine • Liver • Gallbladder • Pancreas • Large intestine

19. Urinary system • Kidneys • Ureters • Urinary bladder • Urethra

20. Male reproductive system • Testes • Accessory organs • Epididymis • Ductus deferens • Seminal glands • Prostate gland • Urethra • External genitalia • Penis • Scrotum

21. Female reproductive system • Ovaries • Uterine tubes • Uterus • Vagina • External genitalia • Clitoris • Labia • Mammary glands

22. Homeostasis • Homeostasis is the tendency toward internal balance. • All cells in the body are in contact with blood or some other body fluid, and any change in the composition of the fluid will affect them. • Homeostatic regulation- the adjustments in physiological systems that preserve homeostasis

23. Homeostatic regulation • Homeostatic regulation usually involves; • A receptor that is sensitive to a particular environmental change (stimulus) • A control center (integration center) that receives and processes information from the receptor • An effector that responds to the commands of the control center • Its activity opposes or reinforces that stimulus • When homeostatic regulation fails, organ systems begin to malfunction

24. Negative & positive feedback • Negative feedback opposes variation to normal • Positive feedback exaggerates variation to normal

25. Negative Feedback • Regardless of whether the stimulus rises or falls at the receptor a variation outside normal limits triggers an automatic response that corrects the situation • Most homeostatic mechanisms in the body involve negative feedback

26. Positive feedback • The initial stimulus produces a response that reinforces that stimulus • Positive feedback loops are involved in the regulation of a potentially dangerous or stressful process that has to be completed quickly • Ex: hypothermia • Ex: severe cut

27. Anatomical terms • Anatomical terms describe: • Body regions • Anatomical positions & directions • Body sections

28. Anatomical landmarks • Anatomical position- hands at the sides with palms facing forward & feet together • Supine- lying down face up in anatomical position • Prone- lying down face down in anatomical position

29. Anatomical regions • 4 abdominopelvic quadrants • Right upper (RUQ) • Right lower (RLQ) • Left upper (LUQ) • Left lower (LLQ) • ***these are formed by two perpendicular lines that intersect at the belly button

30. Abdominopelvic regions • 9 abdominopelvic regions • Right hypochondriac • Epigastric (liver, stomach) • Left hypochondriac (spleen) • Right lumbar • Umbilical (large intestine, small intestine, gall bladder) • Left lumbar • Hypogastric (urinary bladder, appendix) • Right inguinal • Left inguinal

31. Directional terms • Anterior- front; before • Ventral- belly side • Posterior- back; behind • Dorsal- back • Cranial or cephalic- head • Superior- above; at a higher level • Caudal- tail • Inferior- below; at a lower level

32. Directional terms cont… • Medial- toward the body’s longitudinal axis • Lateral- away from the body’s longitudinal axis • Proximal- toward an attached base • Distal- away from an attached base • Superficial- at, near, or relatively close to the body surface • Deep- farther from the body surface

33. Section Planes: Transverse Plane • Lies at right angles to the long axis of the body • Divides the body into superior and inferior portions

34. Sectional Planes: Frontal Plane • Aka coronal plane • Runs along the long axis of the body • Extends laterally • Divides body into anterior and posterior positions

35. Sagittal plane • Runs along the long axis of the body • Extends anteriorly and posteriorly • Divides the body into left and right portions

36. Body cavities • Body cavities protect internal organs and allow them to change shape. • 2 essential functions • 1. protect delicate organs from accidental shocks and cushion them from the jolting that occurs when we walk, jump, or run • 2. permit significant changes in size and shape of internal organs

37. Ventral body cavity • Contains the organs of the following systems; • Respiratory • Cardiovascular • Digestive • Urinary • Reproductive • Subdivided into: • Thoracic cavity • Abdominopelvic