Photogrammetry

1. Photogrammetry

2. Introduction • Photogrammetry: the science, art, and technology of obtaining reliable information from photographs. • Two major areas: metric, and interpretative. • Terrestrial and aerial Photogrammetry. • Uses of Photogrammetry: topographic mapping, determine precise point coordinates, cross sections, deflection monitoring, and many other applications. • Why Photogrammetry?

5. Aerial Cameras • For precise results, cameras must be geometrically stable, fast, have efficient shutters, sharp lenses • Single-lens frame cameras: figure 27-2 • most used format size is 9”, focal length 6 in • components: lens, shutter, diaphragm, filter, focal plane, fiducial marks. • shutters can be operated manually or automatically. • The camera could be leveled regardless of the plane orientation. • Exposure station and principal point. • Camera calibration.

8. Aerial Photographs • True Vertical: if the camera axis is exactly vertical, or near vertical. • Tilted Photographs • Oblique photographs: high and low • Vertical Photos are the most used type for surveying applications

11. Geometry of Vertical Photographs • Figure 27-6 • Define: image coordinate system (right handed), principal point, exposure station. • Measurements could be done using negatives or diapositives, same geometry. • Strips and Blocks. • Sidelap (about 30%), and Endlap (about 60%), why?

12. Endlap (about 60%) Sidelap (about 30%),

15. Scale of a Vertical Photograph • Figure 28-6 • Scale of a photograph is the ratio of a distance on a photo to the same distance on the ground. • Photographs are not maps, why? • Scale of a map and scale of a photograph. • Orthphotos • Scale (s) at any point: f S = H - h f • Average scale of a photograph: Savg = H - havg If the f, H, and h are not available, but a map is available then: photo distance X map scale Photo Scale = map distance

17. Ground Coordinates from a Single Vertical Photograph • Figure 27-8 • With image coordinate system defined, we define an arbitrary ground coordinate system. • That ground system could be used to compute distances and azimuths. Coordinates can also be transformed to any system • In that ground system: Xa = xa * (photograph scale at a) Ya = ya * (photograph scale at a)

19. Relief Displacement on a Vertical Photograph • Figure 27-9 • The shift of an image from its theoretical datum location caused by the object’s relief. Two points on a vertical line will appear as one line on a map, but two points, usually, on a photograph. • In a vertical photo, the displacement is from the principal point. • Relief displacement (d) of a point wrt a point on the datum : r h d = H where: r is the radial distance on the photo to the high point h : elevation of the high point, and H is flying height above datum • Assuming that the datum is at the bottom of vertical object, H is the • flying height above ground, the value h will compute the object height.

20. ra/R = f/H Or: ra *H = R * f ----(1) rb/R = f/(H-h) Or: rb * (H-h) =R * f ---(2) Then from (1) and (2); Or ra *H = rb * (H-h) then; (rb* H) – (ra*H) = rb h d = rb - ra = rb *hb /H Now, what about b and c? What would dc wrt b equals?

21. Or, in general: di = (ri * hti) / (flying height above ground = H – hi)

22. Flying Height of a Vertical Photograph • Flying height can be determined by: • Readings on the photos • Applying scale equation, if scale can be computed • Example: what is the flying height above datum if f=6”, average elevation of ground is 900ft, scale is 1”:100ft? Is it 1500’? • Or, if two control points appear in the photograph, solve the equation: L2 = (XB - XA)2 + (YB - YA)2 then solve the same equation again replacing the ground coordinates with the photo coordinates.