Bell Ringer

1. Bell Ringer • What was the date of the attack on Pearl Harbor? What was the phrase associated with it? What was the cause of the attack in the first place?

2. World War II 1941-1945

3. The Pacific Theatre Early Battles Against Japan

4. Japan’s Victories • Japan attacks Guam on December 8, 1941 (but technically the same day as Pearl Harbor because of the IDL) • At the outbreak of war, Guam was defended by small US Navy and USMC units (547 men total) • The Japanese landed about 400 troops on Guam on December 10,1941 at 8:45am. They attacked and quickly defeated the token resistance • Governor McMillin officially surrendered at 6:00am the following morning.

5. Japan looks to the Philippines As Japan looks to the Philippines, the US and Filipino forces take up a defensive position on the Bataan Peninsula Japan takes over the Philippines after three months of fighting Similar to the other nations they had taken over, they often treated the people with extreme cruelty.

6. The Bataan Death March The Bataan Death March was the forced march by the Imperial Japanese Army, of 76,000 Filipino and American prisoners of war (POWs) after the three-month battle to save the Philippines. Approximately 2,500–10,000 Filipino and 100–650 American prisoners of war died before they could reach Camp O'Donnell. The 80 mile march was characterized by wide-ranging physical abuse and murder at the hands of the Japanese Army.

9. Cultural Differences Cause Conflict The Japanese considered it highly dishonorable to surrender, so they looked upon the POWs with extreme contempt. This is how they justified the cruel treatment of their prisoners.

10. Primary Source “I was questioned by a Japanese officer, who found out that I had been in a Philippine Scout Battalion. The [Japanese] hated the Scouts… Anyway, they took me outside and I was forced to watch as they buried six of my Scouts alive. They made the men dig their own graves, and then had them kneel down in a pit. The guards hit them over the head with shovels to stun them and piled earth on top.” • Lt. John Spainhower

11. The Doolittle Raid It was decided that the military would bomb Tokyo. Using short-range B-25 bombers, they took off from nearby aircraft carriers, bombed the city, and landed in China. he Doolittle raid was America's first strike back at the Japanese during the war. With Japan running through the Pacific much like the Germans did to Europe in the beginnings of WWII , this was the first opportunity for the US to go on the offensive, with previous battles being solely defensive. We struck the Japanese home land, which Japan thought could not be done by the fact that the US Navy was severly damaged by the attack on Pearl Harbor. It lifted the morale of the entire country by letting the Japanese know that we were down but not defeated.

12. Holding the Line Against Japan • Doolittle’s attack on Japan made Japanese leaders change their strategy. An attack on Midway Island—the last American base in the North Pacific west of Hawaii—was planned to lure the American fleet into battle to be destroyed by the Japanese. This would cut American supply lines to Australia. The plan failed because the United States had a team of code breakers based in Hawaii that broke the Japanese Navy’s secret code for conducting operations.

13. Battle of the Coral Sea The Japanese quickly changed their strategy when they realized that the bombs could have killed their emperor. They decided to bring the US Navy into battle near New Guinea and at Midway Island to break the supply line to Australia. American code breakers had already discovered the Japanese plan, which allowed the US Navy to intercept the Japanese and keep supply lines open.

14. Battle of Midway The code-breakers had also discovered the plan to attack Midway Island. Admiral Nimitz saw an opportunity to ambush the Japanese fleet. Unaware, the Japanese launched their aircraft against Midway, and were met by a blizzard of antiaircraft fire; 38 planes were shot down.

15. Battle of Midway • The Japanese prepared a second wave of attack, but American aircraft caught them and destroyed their aircraft carriers, along with the fuel, bombs, and aircraft held on them. • Admiral Yamamoto ordered his remaining ships to retreat. • This was a major turning point in the war in the Pacific, with the U.S. stopping the Japanese fleet its advance into the Pacific.

16. Consequences of the Battle of Midway • The consequences of the Battle of Midway for the Japanese were huge. At a stroke they had lost four vital aircraft carriers that were considered to be vital for the Pacific campaign. Whereas the Americans could replace the 'Yorktown', the Japanese would have found it very difficult to replace one carrier, let alone four. Regardless of finding new carriers, experienced crew would also be needed and the Japanese had lost many experienced crewmen during the battle.

17. Japanese Kamikaze Pilots: The Scourge of the South Pacific

18. Island Hopping Driving the Japanese back

20. Island Hopping The purpose of island hopping was to get closer and closer to Japan by taking over less fortified islands on the way. These islands could be used to build up forces surrounding the South Pacific. The geography of the Pacific posed a problem for the advancing Allied forces – many of the islands were surrounded by coral reef, making it impossible to get landing craft to the beach and causing high casualties.

21. General Douglas MacArthur Leader of the Allied forces in the Pacific Brilliant military leader, dedicated to his troops, but stubborn “Americans never quit.”

22. The European Theatre Defeating Hitler: Job #1

23. Mussolini Invades Ethiopia • Ethiopia was one of Africa’s two independent nations, and had resisted Italian invasion in the 1890s • Mussolini decided to avenge that defeat by invading Ethiopia in 1935. • He easily overpowered the spears and swords of the Ethiopians with guns, tanks, and poison gas.

24. The North Africa Campaign • Germany’s first objective in the Mediterranean was North Africa, mainly because of Mussolini’s control over Ethiopia. • While the Battle of Britain was raging, Mussolini attacked British-controlled Egypt, in hopes of gaining control over the Suez Canal

25. The North Africa Campaign Finally the British struck back, and took 130,000 Italian soldier prisoner in N. Africa Hitler sent in General Erwin Rommel (The Desert Fox) to reinforce the Italians His sneak attacks forced the British to retreat

26. Turning Back the German Army • B. On November 8, 1942, the American invasion of North Africa began under the command of General Dwight D. Eisenhower. General George Patton led the American forces in Morocco and captured the city of Casablanca. At the Battle of Kasserine Pass, Americans faced the German army for the first time. Outmaneuvered and outfought, Americans suffered huge losses. The general in charge was fired and Patton was put in command. American and British forces finally pushed the Germans back. On May 13, 1943, German forces in North Africa surrendered.

27. Struggle for North Africa • FDR decides to invade North Africa • It will give the army some experience • Would not require a lot of troops • It would allow American troops to help Britain protect the Suez Canal (important to GB for trade) • German Afrika Korps were led by General Erwin Rommel AKA: Desert Fox • US forces led by General George Patton and Dwight D. Eisenhower

28. Struggle for North Africa The plan was to trap the German forces between the two Allied forces. The Americans met the German army for the first time in the mountains of Tunisia The American forces suffered great casualties but finally pushed the Axis back, out of Africa.

29. The Italy Campaign • The Allied forces decided to attack the Axis on the island of Sicily, and caused irreparable damage to Axis supplies and weaponry. • By August 18, Germans had evacuated the island. Mussolini was placed under arrest by the king of Italy, and the Italian government announced Italy’s surrender. Is Hitler going to let that go?

30. The Italy Campaign Hitler sent German troops to seize control of Italy and put Mussolini back in power The Allies chose to attack from behind Axis lines, which led to five months of bloody battle. In May 1944, the Germans retreated at the cost of 300,000 Allied lives.

31. Liberation of Rome

32. Mussolini & His Mistress,ClarettaPetacciAre Hanged in Milan, 1945

33. D-Day

34. Operation Overlord • Operation Overlord: the code name for the planned invasion of Normandy, France by the Allies, commonly known as D-Day. • General Eisenhower was selected to command the invasion. • The Allies had the advantage of surprise—the Germans did not know when or where they would strike.

35. Operation Overlord… FAKE OUT! The Germans believed the Allies would land at Pas-de-Calais To convince them they were right, the Allies placed inflated rubber tanks, empty tents, a d dummy landing craft along the coast from Calais.

36. Operation Overlord • Over 1.5 million American soldiers, 12,000 airplanes, more than 5 million tons of equipment was prepared for the invasion. • The invasion had to begin at night to hide the ships crossing the English Channel, and had to arrive at low tide (dawn) so gunners bombarding the coast could see their targets.

37. Operation Overlord Over 7,000 ships carrying more than 100,000 soldiers set sail for Normandy on June 6, 1944. 23,000 paratroopers were dropped in behind enemy lines. Allied fighter-bombers raced up and down the coast, hittign bridges, bunkers, and radar sites. As dawn broke, the Allied forces were ready to attack the beaches, code-named Utah, Omaha, Gold, Sword, and Juno.

38. Operation Overlord • The Allied forces had little trouble capturing the Utah Beach and moving inland. • The American forces at Omaha Beach met intense German fire, causing General Omar Bradley to plan an evacuation of Omaha Beach • American troops moved forward against the Germans. The invasion succeeded. • 2,500 Americans were wounded or killed on Omaha Beach.

44. The Liberation of Paris:August 25, 1944 De Gaulle in Triumph!

45. Bell Ringer • What is the official code name for the D-Day invasion? Where was the attack located? Which beach was the deadliest for American troops?

46. You’re In The Army Now! Life Of A Soldier

47. Private SNAFU • Private SNAFU was a character created to help enlisted men with weak literacy skills learn through fun, instructional cartoons. • It was created by Frank Capra (It’s a Wonderful Life), written by Dr. Seuss, and voiced by Mel Blanc (Bugs Bunny) • Private SNAFU did everything wrong (hence the name), so his negative example taught basic lessons about secrecy, disease prevention, and proper military protocols. • The racy illustrations kept the servicemen entertained while delivering important information

48. Selective Service Act • Selective Service Act (October, 1940) - It was the first peacetime conscription in United States history. When the U.S. entered World War II, all men aged 18 to 45 were made subject to military service. • Service was limited to 12 months. By the early summer of 1941, FDR asked Congress to extend the term of duty. Many soldiers drafted in October 1940 threatened to desert once the original twelve months of their service was up, painting “OHIO” ("Over the hill in October“) on the walls of their barracks in protest. • Following the Japanese Attack on Pearl Harbor, thousands of American men and women volunteered for service, and thousands more by conscription.

49. Navajo Code Talkers (AKA: Windtalkers) The decoding of the German Enigma Machine made the transmission of messages harder than ever. Navajo were enlisted to transmit codes (mainly in the Pacific) The Navajo language is a “hidden language” – there is no written form of the language and is unique to the United States Classified until the 1970s, the Navajo were only recently awarded medals for their contribution to the war effort

50. Navajo Code Talkers • When a Navajo code talker received a message, what he heard was a string of seemingly unrelated Navajo words. The code talker first had to translate each Navajo word into its English equivalent. Then he used only the first letter of the English equivalent in spelling an English word. • The Navajo words "wol-la-chee" (ant), "be-la-sana" (apple) and "tse-nill" (axe) all stood for the letter "a." • One way to say the word "Navy" in Navajo code would be "tsah (needle) wol-la-chee (ant) ah-keh-di- glini (victor) tsah-ah-dzoh (yucca)." • Not all words had to be spelled out letter by letter. The developers of the original code assigned Navajo words to represent about 450 frequently used military terms that did not exist in the Navajo language. • Several examples: "besh- lo" (iron fish) meant "submarine," "dah-he- tih-hi" (hummingbird) meant "fighter plane" and "debeh-li-zine" (black street) meant "squad."